Life of Pi Adversity on Identity Essay Example for Free

life of Pi Adversity on Identity EssayAdversity peck present itself according to a vast spectrum of severity and can have drastically different effects on individuals. When faced with adversity, people either learn to adapt to what has happened and make do with the circumstances, whereas other individuals will divulge themselves unable to cope with adversity and lastly breakdown and lose their ability to carry on. Yann Martel explores, in his fantasy adventure novel, Life of P, a young boys chemical reaction to the hardships of adversity.Piscine Patel, an adventurous tenacious young boy experiences the struggle of urviving at sea, and the calamity of coping with tragic events in his life. Yann Martel develops the idea that adversity can interpret an individuals identity and play a significant role in ones life by shaping personal values, determining ones inner strengths and self worth. adventure novel, Life of Pi, a young boys reaction to the hardships of adversity. Piscine Patel, an adventurous tenacious young boy experiences the struggle ot other individuals will tind themselves unable to cope witn adversity and ultimately

The Half brothers Essay Example for Free

The Half brothers EssayHe doesnt understand how someone could leave other person to die, and to him, the fact they were in a war, where people are killed, doesnt make a difference. I suppose that if a person has not experienced the feelings of what its kindred to be in a war, to lose someone you dearly love, then there will never be able to totally understanding as to how someone could do something so sad. I also believe that during the 1930s and the 1940s, people had a different way of life. The fact that Mrs Rutter lost her husband in the war make her feel as though the jerry plane crashing was a blessing, and it is obvious she has no regrets.We see how Sandra has an insight at why Mrs. Rutter felt she had energy to be sorry for in acting this way. The setting of The Half-Brothers shows a sense of loneliness and most of the story takes place on the harsh and lonely Fells. on that point was also the lack of relatives and friends at the funeral of her daughter. In the text i t says that the people who did go were Neighbours my aunt, and one far off cousin, Who were all the friends they could muster It shows that she doesnt even have swear of having allone to be close to. She has her sister, but they are of very different personalities.Even though Aunt Fanny was a kind, warm hearted creature, who thought more(prenominal) of her sisters public assistance than she did of her own Helen felt they couldnt talk to each other and because of this, could not share her feelings of sadness with anyone. This feeling that the main character no longer has anyone to understand them is sacrosanct in both of the stories. Later in the story Helen gives birth to a baby boy who she called Gregory. And he became her life. She seemed after that to think of nothing but her unfermented little baby. Helen used her obsession as a way protrude of thinking about the bad things that were happening to her.Because she had felt so lonely, she found her impudently electric r azor the only thing to make living worthwhile. Her sister was really worried about her still, as she knew that with no money they would surely be unavailing to survive, so Aunt Fanny stayed, but she knew that something would still have to be done. Thats when William Preston, who was afterwards my father, came in, Helen married William Preston because he said that he would make sure that her child was looked after, the child that was Helens sole reason for being. He basically bought her into marriage, and it is obvious that Helen only married him because of her financial situation.This means that it was clear from the beginning of the marriage that William Preston wanted Helen because of her genuine looks, and Helen needed him more because she had no money. This made it very easy for him to rule over her. This saddens the reader, as Helen is so weak that she feels that all she has to live for is her only child. Helen move pregnant again, and was unsure about having another child, as she loved Gregory so much. She guards him with her life, and because of this, she gives birth early due to an argument about Gregory being bad, as she made excuses for his behaviour.William Preston knows that Helen does not love him the way he wishes she would, and he feels jealous by all her love for her sons. He blames everything on Gregory, and when Helen dies due to the early birth, that too is his fault. He is not treated the same as he is only seen to William as a stepson. Almost as though he is nothing but an inconvenience. The culture of the story made me feel sad by what happened. The tension in the darkness out there is that of fear, of shock, but in half brothers it comes across in sadness of the sad events that happened in the story and the unfortunate fate of Gregory.The Half-Brothers is a very detached story, as the bank clerk does not seem to have any sort of connection with the people he is talking about, even though he is the second son, he bears no name throu ghout the whole story. The narrator in The Darkness Out There I would say is Sandra. I think this because right at the very end of the story, it is Sandra who does what seems to be a conclusion, and this brings out her maturity. At the beginning she is annoyed by something so small as who she has to work with, but the events that happen show her how everything is not always as it appears.At the end, it is not only Kerry who has grown, but herself too. My Own Personal Views I found the story Half-Brothers more informative and its structure appealed to me more because I found it more interesting. However I found the contrast between darkness and light in the story by Penelope Lively earlier fascinating. The twist and turns of the goldbrick story were very cleverly put together to form a roller coaster of a read. When I was reading the beginning of the story about cheer and flowers I started to think about the title and how it seemed very strange in connection to what I was reading. The reader could quite easily become stuck into what at low seems like some kind of fairytale, only to be suddenly hit by a somewhat shocking ending which is totally unexpected. Half-Brothers has a rather steady flow. I do not mean by this that there is no tension because that certainly is not the case. The tale has a very tragic structure all the way through, and all throughout reading this story, as a reader, I felt generally saddened almost as though it were a true story.

Properties of Prunus Persica Linn

Properties of genus Prunus Persica LinnReview on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Prunus persica Linn.Monika Rana *1, Deepak Kashyap2, Atul Kabra3ABSTRACTPrunus persica Linn. Batsch (Family Rosaceae), commonly known as Peach tree in English and Aru in Hindi, is native to Persia, China and also distributed in Australia, India and USA. Traditionally, the plant use in the give-and-take of constipation, laryngitis, menostasis, dermopathy and contusion. The major phytoconstituents reported in the plant include amygdalin, prunasin, persicaside, -sitosterol, quercetin etc. Pharmacological studies reported in this plant are antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiphotoaging, antitumor and spasmogenic effect. This review provides worthy information on phytochemical, pharmacological and traditional properties of the Prunus persica which will help the researcher for further studies.Keywords Prunus persica Linn. phytochemical pharmacological amygdalin.INTRODUCTIONAccording to th e World health Organization, more than 80% of the worlds population mostly in poor and less developed countries depend on plant-based medicines for their primary health kick needs.1 About 35,000 plant species are being apply in various human cultures around the world for medicinal purposes.2 About 170 active commingles currently isolated from higher plants are widely apply in modern medicine. Even today, approximately 80 % of such compounds depict a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived. At least 7,000 medicinal compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants.3,4Prunus persica Linn. Batsch (Family Rosaceae), commonly known as Peach tree in English and Aru in Hindi, is native to Persia, China and also distributed in Australia and USA. In India, it is cultivated only in the Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh.5-7 Traditionally, the plant used in the treatment of constipat ion, laryngitis, menostasis, dermopathy and contusion.8SynonymnsP. persica Linn. is also known by other names i.e. Pygeum persica Linn., Amygdalus persica Linn.5Vernacular NamesP. persica Linn. has various vernacular names6,8,10 as mentioned in Table 1.Table 1. Various vernacular names of Prunus persica Linn.BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONThe peach is a small, deciduous and glabrous tree which grows upto 6m in height (Figure 1). The leaves of the plant are simple, alternate, long-lanceolate, serrulate, 8-15 cm long, 15-35 mm wide, petioles 1-1.5 cm, with glands and small stipules. The flowers of the peach are 1-2 cm in diameter, bisexual, pink, sepals pubescent on exterior, sepals and petals 5, stamens many, inserted with the petals on the calyx tube, pistil1, with 2 ovules. The issue of the plant is 1-5 cm in diameter, tomentulose, drupe, with a fleshy outer layer surrounding a hard stone containing the seed, the stone deeply sculptured in the month of April- May. The fruit is matured in th e season of August- September.8 Figure 1 Plant of Prunus persica Figure 2 Fruit of Prunus persicaGeographical distributionPrunus persica is native to China and Persia. This plant is also cultivated in USA, New Zealand, Australia and Temperate Asia. In India, it is cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utttar Pradesh, and to a limited put up in Nilgiris. The plant is also distributed in the Pakistan, Japan and in the Deccan Region.5-7Ethnomedicinal UseThe leaves of the plant are used as anthelmintic, insecticidal, laxative, sedative and vermicidal and also in the treatment of piles, leucoderma, and whooping cough. The fruit is used as an aperients, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiscorbtic, brain tonic, demulcent, mouth freshener, stomachic and useful in thirst, biliousness and kapha. 5,6,10 The oil from the seeds is abortifacient, good in piles, deafness, earache, stomach troubles of children.10 The flowers are used as an anthelmintic and purgative.7CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSPrunus per sica Linn. contains cyanogenetic glycosides, namely, amygdalin and prunasin11,12 as the major constituents isolated from the seeds along with the glycerides,13,14, sterols15 and emulsin16. Rho et al. (2007) reported a new alkaloidal compound, persicaside, isolated from wood alcohol soluble extract of the seed.17 The stem bark of the plant contains 6-hydroxy 4-methoxy 2-O--D-glucopyranoside, Crysophenol 8-O--D-glactopyranoside, -sitosterol and Quercetin18. The leaves of the plant contains the caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-glycoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quinic acid, tannin, urosolic acid and zeaxanthin19. The essential oil from the plant contains the 130 compounds, the most important of which are benzaldehyde, limonene, 1-methylethylhydrazine, 4-ethenyl-1,4-dimethyl cyclohexene and 3-carene.21 set(p) oil, called persic oil extracted from the seeds contains -sitosterol, and squalene Figure 2.7 Figure 2. Various chemical constit uents present in Prunus persica Linn.Traditional UsesAbout teaspoon of young leaves, pounded and mixed with water, is given twice unremarkable after meal in dysentery. The leaves warmed over fire are rubbed against insect bite and pain in eyes. The pounded young leaves are applied on wounds for killing the wound worms in case of animals such as cow and mithun.21 The paste of the plant along the table salt and water is applied on affected skin twice a day to kill germs in wounds and fungal infection.22 The powdered seeds is mixed with water and usually applied on men as vulnerary during winters.23 The fruits of the peach is used in the treatment of damaged hair.24Therapeutic usesThe plant is used to remove maggots from wounds and also used as demulcent and lubricant.25,7 miserable leaves are used to stain palms and feet, in wound healing, burning sensation, colouring palms and feet.26 The oil extracted from seeds is applied externally for massaging in rheumatism.27Veterinary uses The plant leaves are used as a anthelmintic in traditional veterinary practices for the treatment of helminthosis in animals.28,29Non-medicinal UsesThe fruits of the plant are edible, leaves serve as fodder and stem as firewood.23 Root bark is used as a dye.30PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIESAnti-inflammatory activityPrunus persica Linn. possessed anti-inflammatory activitiy against rat osteoblast sarcoma cells whereas in carregenan generate paw edema it showed anti-inflammatory activity at a superman of 250 mg/kg. .17,18,31Antiallergic activityThe ethanolic extract of the plant inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reaction by checkling calcium influx and NF-jB signaling.32Antiphotoaging effectThe plant possesses the anti-photoaging effect which was assessed by DPPH, Western blot and reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction analysis. A compound named 2-methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pryazine isolated from the peach was responsible for this activity.33Antitumor activityTh e cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin and prunasin, isolated from Prunus persica seeds, significantly inhibited the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation induced by tumor promoter and showed anti-tumor activity.12Protection against skin carcinogenesisThe Ku-35 extract of the plant showed protection against UV-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis when applied topically.34Protection against UV-induced skin damageThe protective effects of the flower extract of the plant (KU-35) were evaluated against solar ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin damage using in vivo models of UVB-induced erythema in guinea pigs and ear edema in ICR mice. Ku-35, a new cosmetic ingredient, showed protection from UVB-induced skin damage by topical application.35Spasmogenic effectThe aqueous extract of peach leaves caused a dose-dependent spasmogenic effect at the dose range of 110 mg/ml in isolated guinea pig ileum.36REFERENCESWHO. IUCN and WWF Guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants, IUCN Gland, Swi tzerland 1993 14-6WHO. Quality control guidelines for medicinal plant materials. Geneva World Health Organization 2008.Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The Value of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery. Environ Health Perspect 2001109 69-75.Harvey A. The menage of natural products in drug discovery. Drug Plus Int. 2004 3 6-8.Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica, Ist Vol., Bombay, India Popular Prakashan 1976 1036-37.Pulliah T. Encyclopedia of World Medicinal Plants. India Regency 2006 1620-1621.Bhattacharjee SK. Hand Book of Aromatic Plants, world-class ed., Jodhpur, India Popular Offset Service Pvt. Ltd 2000119471WHO. Medicinal Plants in The Republic Of Korea. Manila World Health Organization 1998.The Wealth of India (Raw Material), New Delhi Council of Industrial and scientific interrogation 2005 8 274-79.Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants with illustrations. Dehradun, India Oriental Enterprises 2003 1334-37.Fukuda T, Ito H, Mukainaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Anti- tumor promoting effect of glycosides from Prunus persica seeds. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003 26(2) 271-273.Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Japanese Pharmacopoeia 14th Edition, ed. by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan 2001803-806.Takenaga A, Ito S, Tsuyuki H, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1982 29724-729.Kosuge T, Ishida H, Ishii M. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985 331496-1498.Morishige H, Ida Y, Shoji J. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983 37 46-51.Fujisaki M, Ishizawa K. Symposia on Enzyme Chem. 1952 7 95.Rho JR, Jun CS, Ha YA, Yoo MJ, Cui MX, Baek HS, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a New Alkaloid from the Seed of Prunus persica L. and its anti-inflammatory activity. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2007 28 (8)1289.Raturi R, Sati SC, Singh H, Sati MD, Bahuguna P, Badoni PP et al. Chemical interrogative and anti-inflammatoty activity of Prunus Persica stem bark. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011 3 (5)315-317.Duke JA. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Her bs and Other Economic Plants. Florida CRC Press 1992488-490.Hekai R, Weiliang J, Xianglong S. Study on chemical components of the essential oils from Prunus persica and P. davidiana. Chinese Tradit. homely Med. 1992 14 33-34.RC Srivastava Nyishi Community. Traditional knowledge of Nyishi (Daffla) tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 2007 9 (1)26- 37.Abbasi AM, Kham MA, Ahmed M, Zafar M. Herbal medicine used to cure various ailments by the inhabitants of Abbottabad partition, North West margin Province, Pakistan. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 2010 9(1)175-183.Hussain F, Shah SM, Sher H. Traditional Resource Evaluation of Some Plants Of Mastuj, District Chitral, Pakistan. Pak J. Bot. 2007 39(2)3339-54.Nidal A. Jaradat. Medical Plants Utilized in Palestinian Folk Medicine for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiac diseases. J. Al-Aqsa Unv. 200591-28.Singh VK, Ali ZA, Siddiqui MK. Folk medicinal plants of the Garhwal and Kumaon forests of Uttar Pradesh, India. Hamd Med. 19974035-47.Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Jahan S, Sultana S. Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010128322-335.Sharma J, Painuli RM. Plants used for the treatment of Rheumatism by the Bhoxba tribe of District Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants 2011128-32.Hussain A, Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS. An account of the botanical anthelmintics used in traditional veterinary practices in Sahiwal district of Punjab, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008119185-190.Akhtar, MS. Anthelmintic evaluation of indigenous medicinal plants for veterinary usage-final research report (19831988). Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.1988.The Useful Plants of India, Fifth Reprint. New Delhi NISCAIR 2006496.Deb L, Tripathi A, Bhowmik D, Dutta AS, Kumar KPS. Anti-inflammatory activi ty of N-Butanol work out Of Prunus Persica L aqueous extract. The Pharma Res. 2010 474-78.Shin TY, Park SB, Yoo JS, Kim IK, Lee HS, Kwond TK, et al. Anti-allergic inflammatory activity of the fruit of Prunus persica Role of calcium and NF-jB. nutriment Chem. Toxicol. 2010 48 27972802.Han S, Park KK, Chung WY, Lee SK, Kim J, Hwang JK. Antiphotoaging effect of 2- methoxy-5-(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine isolated from peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch). Food Sci. Biotechnol. 201019(6)1667-1671.Heoa MY, Kima SH, Yang HE, Lee SH, Jo BK, Kima HP. Protection against ultraviolet B and C-induced DNA damage and skin carcinogenesis by the flowers of Prunus persica extract. Mutat Res. 200149647-59.Kim YH, Yang HE, Park BK, Heo MY, Jo BK, Kim HP et al. The extract of the flowers of Prunus persica, a new cosmetic ingredient, protects against solar ultraviolet-induced skin damage in vivo. J. Cosmet Sci. 20025327-34.Gilani AH, Aziz N, Ali SM, Saeed M. Pharmacological home for the use of peach leaves in constipation. J Ethnopharmacol. 20007387-93.

The Us Humanitarian Intervention Politics Essay

The Us humanistic Intervention Politics EssayShould the U.S. enter into phalanx intervention in foreign countries for human-centered reasons. In my opinion, the U.S. regimen do right decision about intervening with the countries in around the Mediterranean like Libya. Intervention was considered as ancient and well-established instruments of foreign policy as were diplomatic pressure, negotiations and state of war. From the ancient times, most countries find it advantageous to intervene in the affairs of other countries. Without some(prenominal) intervention to foreign countries, they would have gone through gravely times in everything. The U.S. human-centered Intervention on Libya was carried out by international institutions and individual sovereign states and had often been related to the usage of array force. Therefore, it was perceived that it was a mean of ways to stop sovereign states from committing human rights abuse to its mountain.The major tendency of the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention was to provide protection and support to people in Libya. The U.S. was the most powerful nation in the world and had so many an(prenominal) resources like army and aids, which made it to have the rights to intervene Libya (Peterson 443). The U.S. Military vie roles of peacekeeper, and protector for this humanitarian intervention. The most out wearing way for this conflict was using military intervention because it immediately stopped hostility and ceased the conflict within the nation. Also, at that place were the issues of economics and structural problem that needed to be fixed in Libya. The U.S. Humanitarian Intervention provided the necessities for the country and helped to rebuild the corrupted buildings that were affected by the conflict. Additionally, the U.S. humanitarian intervention could deal with natural disasters and situations other than the specific conflict with the leader of country.Since the U.S. government putted the priority on h uman rights, the U.S. citizens thought that every human macrocosm should have freedom and should not be abused by the leader of country. The U.S. foreign policy reflected that human rights should not be violated in any of the country and should focus on preventing abuses afterwards the Cold War (Haass). As the strongest country in the world, the U.S. used its foreign policy to promote its values of freedom and expanded the democracy throughout the world. The U.S. foreign policy reflected this ideal. However, the U.S. did not attempt to intervene militarily in every country, especially a country with limit sources. The U.S. government had to take careful consideration for making a decision about intervening on Libya because the failure of humanitarian intervention would cause so much loss financially for nothing. When the U.S. government decided about humanitarian intervention on Libya, they considered if the conflicts in Libya would lead to the big war or would equipment casual ty other countries in negative way. Also, the U.S foreign policymakers had debated the use of the military on each global conflict by considering those factors.The Libya leader Qaddafi never seemed to make a clear decision on where he stood as a leader of the country. He had supported the terrorist group like Al-Queda that worked against Western countries. Also, he used many of illegal weapons that he planned to turn those to the UN after the Iraq War in 2003. Whatever his actual reasons for this, Qaddafi probably made this decision in order to observe his power. Qaddafi established somewhat democratic programs in his government for the economics, but he made huge mistake in 2011. When a peaceful protest against his get had begun in Benghazi (Western Libya), Qaddafi chose to respond with violence instead of peaceful negotiation. As soon as he used the violence against his own civilians, President Obama said We cannot stand idly when a tyrant tells his people there will be no mercy (Libya). As a result of the way he handled the situation, the protests got larger and the number of dead protestors increased. As this became the big issue for the world, the Qaddafi became the issue of the world. The United States military started the NATO mission operation on March 19, 2011 ( Simon). It was the beginning phase of the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya. This was the beginning stage of U.S. involvement in support of rebels working to overthrow the dictator Moammar al-Qaddafi. It was the most recent use of American military forces for humanitarian purposes on other nation.The leader Gaddafi lost a lot of Libyas main powers to get rid of fighters who were against him. Then, his forces started to fight back and ended up violent death so many civilians. Also, it looked it would not end easily because neither Qaddafis force nor the rebels did not have enough power to win the fight. But in frightful 2011 the rebels took over the capital Tripoli and a temporary go vernment called the subject area Transitional Council took charge of the country. (Simon) After this event, Quaddafi went into hiding. He committed himself that he would rather dampen than giving up to the rebels. Many of the innocent people were dying from this event. So, the U.S. government decided to intervene with Libya and destroyed Libyas air defense system in 3 days. The U.S. military supported Libyan rebels fighting the ground campaign in the attempt to overthrow Qaddafi, who had been in hiding March 31, 2011 until October 31, 2011. During the intervention, the U.S. used over cardinal hundred twenty Tomahawk missiles in order to support the rebel advance on Tripoli, Libyas capital and seat of government. As a result, the Libyan National Transitional Council was able to control of Libyas government and soon Qaddafi was killed in an attack on October 31 (CNN). The death of Qaddafi officially ended the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya. Even though the U.S. interventio n brought problems, it saved Libyans lives and averted a humanitarian disaster. Libyans welcomed to the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention because they had no choice except dying under Qaddafis tanks. Since other countries around Libya did not have enough power to intervene Libya, the U.S. had to take that role. Libyans should now care about the future in order to make people safe. In Libya, I thought some kind of intervention should have been done in the earlier stages. One person could not make decisions for an entire country. The U.S. government tried to prevent these types of government. Therefore, the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya saved tens of thousands of lives.The U.S. intervention in Libya was a wise decision and a successful action. It prevented a humanitarian catastrophe in addition to security interests and oil. Nicholas D. Kristof, the New York Times Columnist, started his article with a story about an American airman and how Libyan villagers enured him. In the a rticle, he wrote This time my reporting persuades me that most Libyans welcome outside intervention (para.7). Compare to Iraq War in 2003, the civilians of Iraq did not want the U.S. government to intervene to their country. But, Libyans actually wanted the help of U.S. force in order to overthrow the leader Qaddafi. This led the author to the conclusion that Libyans were very thankful to the coalition forces because they saved Libyans lives. Then, he mentioned many doubts about the military intervention and weighed them with few certainties civilians would die, the Qaddafis family would be locked, and a wrong message would be sent. As the western countries declared, the motive behind the military intervention was to save civilians lives and a response to the Arab League and Libyan rebels who approved this intervention to prevent a disaster. When the people in the U.S. saw the civilians in Libya treated improperly, they felt sympathy toward them.According to the U.S. Foreign Policy , it essentially promoted peace, justice and protects citizens amongst international communities from human rights violations. This intervention was a reaction to the rule that the United Nations had approved. Having an International Humanitarian Law sets a standard of rules and helps to prevent international bullying, a trigger for many interventions. This law helps countries promote their national interests, which often assist in the elaborateness of legal institutions, treaties and sets order (IHL). With the world now being closer than ever due to globalization, the development of the international community in the form of organizations such as the UN (United nations) and the EU(European Union), Globalization of the world now becomes more dependent on one another, economically, politically and socially. Therefore, the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention helped them hold elections, and appoint government officials who can anticipate on the duties sustain a good form of government.The U.S. intervention on Libya was not specifically aimed at violating the sovereignty of a state, but rather their purpose was to protect the basic human rights of civilian. In the article, Mohammad Ayoob wrote The proclaimed goal of humanitarian intervention, undertaken with increasing frequency during the last decade, is to protect the citizens of the target state from flagrant violations of their fundamental human rights usually by agents of the state (Ayoob 81). If a nation became a global problem, it was our responsibility to come in with military power and settle the situation. A nation that threatens lives had to be stopped. Overpowered rulers were usually the cause of these types of nations like Egypt and Libya. That was in our nature to help those who are in need of help. If the U.S. did not intervene to Libya, it could have resulted in more death of innocent civilians and might lead to the war among the countries around Libya because the economics of other countries were al so affected by the action and behavior of Qaddafi. The U.S. humanitarian intervention can be defined as the successful intervention, which ended the suffering of civilians in Libya. Because the successful intervention of Libya, the U.S. was able to show that it was the peacemaker and overabundant power in the world. Also, the civilians in Libya gained their human rights and lived much better lives than before the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention. We cannot imagine what would happen to Libya if the U.S. did not intervene. There might have been the war among the countries around Libya because the leader Qaddafi was causing so much economics crisis and harmful to the other countries. Therefore, the U.S. government made the right decision about providing peace to the civilians in Libya by using the concept of humanitarian intervention.Work CitedAyoob, Mohammed (2002, Spring) Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty,The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81 102.Haass, Richard N. Humanitarian Intervention. Rand.org. Brookings Institution, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.Kristof D. Nicholas.Finding Hope in Libya.NY Times.Sep.7, 2011.Web. Nov.11,2011.Libyans Claim Gadhafi Hiding near Western Border Town This Just In CNN.com Blogs. This Just In CNN.com Blogs. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.IHL in domestic help Law.International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Home.Web.12 Nov. 2011Peterson, Shannon, and R C DiPrizio. Armed Humanitarians U.S. Interventions from Northern Iraq to Kosovo. International Politics, 41.3 (2004) 440-450. Web. 25 Apr. 2013.Simon Chesterman (2011). Leading from Behind The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya. Ethics & International Affairs, 25, pp 279-285. Web. 26 Apr. 2013.Libya US, UK and France Attack Gaddafi Forces, BBC News Africa, March 30, 2011

Alternative Mating Strategies of Animals

Alternative Mating Strategies of AnimalsAnimal Behaviour EssayReproductive success can be outlined as a mechanism which entirelyows the passing of genes from mavin generation to the next in such a way that the offspring will too successfully pass on these genes. When male procreative success depends on male-male competition and aggression, as is usually the case in polygamous species, man-to-mans who ar at a competitive disadvantage sometimes adopt an entirely different constellation of procreative behaviours. In around cases, individuals practice only a hotshot facsimile option throughout their lifetime (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). However, when such pick mating patterns ar practiced as part of a developmental sequence, they can be considered separate of a whiz lifetime reproductive strategy (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). Alternative Mating strategies have long fascinated behavioural biologists. A system in which non all males are equal in physical attributes (phenotypes) and h ave therefore developed an pick strategy in golf club to pass on individual genes by producing offspring (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). We hear of hoisters, satellites, mate guarding and more. Alternative mating strategies shed light on fundamental evolutionary processes (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). How can sexual selection overhaul the combined forces of inborn selection on males and egg-producing(prenominal) who oppose it? Highly modified male phenotypes are well know to impose great endurance costs upon the males that possess them (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). How is it that these extreme male variants, as well as the females that mate with or produce them, are not apparently eliminated by natural selection outright (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000). Alternative mating strategies invade a population when relatively few conventional individuals secure mates. There are twain types of alternative strategies exist. First, phenotype differences through polymorphism and second, genetically determ ined alternative strategies (Kelly R. Zamudio, 2000).The side-blotched lizard, (Uta stansburianathe), is a small common territorial lizard that is widely distributed in North America. Males of this species are extremely territorial and their mating system has been described as resource-defence polygyny, with large territory holders gaining access to females whose home ranges are included in spite of appearance their territory (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Some populations of this species in the coastal range of California exhibit a curious combination of alternative states that has been described as a rock paper scissors venture (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Three alternative strategies interact in a system that has no single winner instead from each one male has strengths that allow it to out- compete one other strategy, but weaknesses that leave it vulnerable to tactics of the third (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Orange-throated males are aggressive, have higher levels of testosterone, and vigo rously defend large territories, which presumably affords them access to larger number of females (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Blue-throated males are also territorial but mate guarders and stay with their females after copulating. Mate guarding may prevent their female from copulating with other males, however this behaviour interferes with territorial defence, and potentially limiting access by blue males to additional mates (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Yellow-throated males are non- territorial of other mates and copulate with their females. In order to do this sneakers not only behave surreptitiously to avoid detection, but also rely on female mimicry, their throat and dorsal coloration are most similar to patterns found in females (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Each male has specific behavioural attributes that allow it to out compete only one of the other males orange-throated males are able to outcompete the blue-throated mate guarders through aggression (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). On the other hand mate-guarding of blue males allows them to out-compete yellow sneakers, effectively deter sneakers from copulating. Yellow throated sneakers have been most successful at mating with the orange throated females in that territory (Stanley F. Fox, 2003).This is a genetically based system requires very specific evolutionary conditions (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). anterior behavioural estimates of fitness found that the tierce males exist in an evolutionary stable state. Negative relative frequency-dependent selection maintains each phenotype in the population and all tether males may have equal fitness (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Fitness of sneakers will be highest when orange males are present in large numbers, because this should offer sneakers ample opportunity to sneak copulation from within territories of these males (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Long term fitness of strategies must average the frequency-dependent fitness of each morph at all stages of cycle and crossways the entire po pulation (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). This requires long term paternity data sets. Analysis for local frequency-dependent processes that underlie these patterns provides a more rapid assessment of the focus maintaining alternative strategies in this population (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). Demonstrating frequency-dependent selection provides a better estimate of the global stability of the system is maintained by negative frequency dependence in which rare morphs have a fitness advantage (Stanley F. Fox, 2003). The scale at which these behavioural interactions occur is the level of competing groups of neighbouring males, in that the exact composition of males within a neighbourhood is expected to determine the fitness of all males within that group. For example the success of any one male should depend on the number of the other two males that come in direct competition with him (Stanley F. Fox, 2003).Another species that exhibits alternative mating strategies within species is the fallow deer . Males of this species may adopt alternative mating strategies within single populations (Thirgood, 1990). There are several explanations for this Thirgood declared that first, a particular strategy may be optimal under certain environmental or social conditions (Thirgood, 1990). Secondly the best strategy for an individual to adopt may depend upon the strategies adopted by other males in the population (Thirgood, 1990). Third, males may simply be making the best of a bad situation, because they are incapable of competing with other males to gain maximum access to females (Thirgood, 1990). Fallow deer follow three types of mating strategies the first of which is the pursuit of a non-territorial strategy. The second strategy is to defend one single territory which may or may not retrovert resources desired. The last strategy is to defend multiple or what are known as lek territories (Thirgood, 1990).Lek breeding is an uncommon mating system that has only been described in five ungu late species, including the Uganda and white-eared kob and the fallow deer (Thirgood, 1990). In lek breeding species males conjugate on small clustered mating territories, which females visit solely for the intent of copulation (Thirgood, 1990). Males do not provide paternal investment other than gametes and their territories do not contain resources required by females other than the males themselves (Thirgood, 1990). Lekking seldom appears as a pure strategy within populations, but usually as an alternative to single territory defence. Most studies of lek breeding ungulates have suggested that males holding territories on the lek have much higher mating rates than those holding single territories off from the lek, and that these latter males are simply poor competitors (Thirgood, 1990). Fallow deer in the Blackensford region of the New Forest form part of a managed population of approximately 2000 animals inhabiting an area of mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland, heartland, bogs and grasslands (Thirgood, 1990). Mating is highly seasonal, fetching place largely in the half of October, although occasional copulations have been recorded before and after that time. In the New Forest population, adult male and female fallow deer are spatially segregated for much of the family (Thirgood, 1990). A small lek of three to seven mature males would be situated on the boundary of two distinct woodland habitats. A lek was observed and copulations were recorded (Thirgood, 1990). Permanently defended single territories were established in areas close to the lek. These territories occurred in a single variety of woodland habitats ranging in resources from plentiful to absent, and are representative of the great variability of single territory defence in fallow deer (Thirgood, 1990). Non-territorial reproductive behaviour has been described previously from a number of wild and enclosed fallow populations (Thirgood, 1990). At Blackensford this consisted of males simpl y following groups of females, or behaving as satellites by intercepting female movement (Thirgood, 1990). The estimated mating success on a single territory was higher than that reported for other lekking populations of ungulates (Thirgood, 1990). Data suggests that within a given year successful lek males attain higher mating success than single territory males, who in turn get more mating than unsuccessful lek males (Thirgood, 1990). Males are not limited to one strategy, and are capable of switching strategies as mating opportunities dictate. It was concluded that because fighting is more common on the lek, lower costs of single territory defence may result in a longer reproductive life (Thirgood, 1990).Another species that displays alternative mating strategies is a type of Bee known as Centris Pallida. Dimorphism is common in the male mating behaviour, of a large anthophorid bee (John Alcock, 1977). Bees of this genus have been relatively little studied, although previous stud ies have found males of various species established territories primarily by orchids or around flowering trees in tropical, central and south America and in Jamaica males of C. Pallida dig up buried females and males, mating with the causality (John Alcock, 1977). Mate-location, techniques, size variation, and the fitness of mates as well as the parental investments of their mothers are intimately related to one another (John Alcock, 1977). Males of this Bee fall into one of two classes when searching for females. They are either patrollers, cruising rapidly near the ground in areas in which females are emerging, or they are however, poised at aerial move around shrubs and trees (John Alcock, 1977). Patrollers search for sites at which a buried virgin female is about to emerge, upon finding such a spot, the male is capable of digging through 1-2cm of soil to the hidden female, which is usually mated by the male that uncovers her (John Alcock, 1977). Patrollers often attempt to app ropriate a digging spot that another male has find or to separate a male from a freshly vexd female (John Alcock, 1977). The second group of males, known as the hoverers, wait at sites peripheral to uncivil emergence areas, generally by plants, whether these are flowering or not (John Alcock, 1977). Alternatively they wait at flowering shrubs or trees located well away from major emergence sites. These bees hover in the air with their hind legs dangling and held higher than the abdomen (John Alcock, 1977). They dart off rapidly in pursuit of all passing insects about their size and then almost always quickly return to their hovering station, although they may drift rather slowly over an area 1-2m in diameter (John Alcock, 1977). These individuals do chase neighbouring and intruding however commonly but they almost never make physical contact. As a general rule, 1m or so separates hovering males (John Alcock, 1977). It is difficult to say whether this spacing stems from aggressiv e interactions among males avoiding one another, seeking unoccupied scanning locations (John Alcock, 1977). Hoverers will pursue females that are collecting pollen but rarely grasp these individuals, which implies that they seek to secure only virgin females and can discriminate these from already mated bees. Hovering bees apparently are waiting for virgin females that have avoided capture by patroller-diggers (John Alcock, 1977).It has long been known that males in a wide variety of animal populations practice alternative mating strategies in order to maximize their reproductive fitness. This is especially common when there is male-male competition for access to mates. In cases where such alternative strategies are as successful at obtaining mates as the prevalent strategy, a coexistence of different mating strategies will evolve. The importance of alternative mating strategies is widely underestimated and often misunderstood. Polymorphic mating phenotypes provide quantifiable exa mples of intense frequency dependant sexual selection and its rapid evolutionary consequences. in the case of the blotched- lizard it has been shown that frequency-dependent selection arising from local competition can promote conditions that favour each individual male, and thus preserve all three strategies of the rock-paper-scissors cycle in the long term. Condition-dependent behaviour in the context of mating may result from changes in resource availability and intra-sexual competition for mates. When competition decreases, the expression of alternative behaviours also decreases. Changes in mating behaviours, especially among alternative males, have been documented in insects, fish, and amphibians upon removal of dominant males. Additionally, the availability of mates and resources also affects the expression of alternative strategies within a sex. The gain or loss of territory has been shown to affect mating approaches among insect species, while the receptivity and spatial di stribution of mates impacts tactics used among insects, fish, and mammals. Mating behaviours are also affected by an individuals size and age, as smaller or younger individuals are more likely to attempt reproduction through alternative means, including mimicry or sneak tactics. As a result, the ability to choose a behaviour that maximizes fitness under certain circumstances evolves.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essays -- Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of EducationThroughout the history of education, there have been many different philosophical views. The views have wide-ranging from Platos The Republic, to Rousseaus Emile. Plato rememberd that the purpose of education was to create a perfect city-state, while Rousseau believed that the purpose was to develop people, who freely choose good. Both of these philosophies cooperate with my beliefs however, my beliefs do differ in some aspects. Through my philosophies covering the nature of humans, curriculum, and initiateing methods I hope to better educate the students and America a better place to live.First, I believe that humans are naturally good. The environment that a childgrows up in affects the way that they act. Children are easily manipulated and I believethat the people in their early years are the ones that influence them the most. I believe the most important influences in a childs life are his parent and his teacher. In my bear experience, I remember my kind ergarten teacher spanking me when I was younger for no apparent reason. I could not figure out why she was doing this to me and it hurt my self-esteem, which make me not even want togo to school. However, my parents helped meIovercome these problems. My parents influenced me to work harder and be myself no matter what. I would have to say that my parents were the biggest nfluence of my lifethe things they taught me will stick with me the rest of my life.Secondly, I believe that everybody is natural in certain classes. Like Plato, I believethere are classes with into which you are born. I believe that there are born leaders andthen the children who do not have the same opportunities. I think you have to separatethe two as soon as po... ...uate aid on the Baseball field, while getting my masters in sports management. After that, I plan to coach college or high school baseball and teach physical education, hopefully for myalma mater Southeast High School. My goal is to become an ath letic director, teacher,and coach at the same time because we all know that is where the funds is. If a graduateassistant job does not open up, I plan to coach high school baseball and take night classes at Kent State for my masters.Furthermore, all aspects of teaching are important. As teachers, we hold the future of America in our hands with educating the youth. All aspects of teaching are important in shaping the youth of America. With the philosophies of some of the worlds greatest thinkers ever and with some philosophies of our own, I hope we can bring theeducation of Americas youth to a higher level.

Can Writing Be Fun? Essay -- essays research papers

Writing and school work, to be honest, have always been at the bottom of my list for things that I enjoy doing. I spate remember from as early as grade 1 having great difficulty in most areas of school work. I have always had a great anxiety round completing assignments or having to read the required books, I went through all of high school having never read a complete book. Its not that I think I am stupid but just not interested in these types of activities. I view it hard to keep my attention focused on reading when there are so many great things, or maybe not so great things, out in the world to think about. Now dont get me wrong, I could read all day long about how to make my car faster or my dirt bike jump higher but writing something uninteresting to me makes it hard to be creative...