How far do you agree that Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice is no more than an entertaining study of the surface of polite society?

In ‘Pride and Prejudice there certainly is a great deal of comedy, and will appeal to many readers for what Claire Tomalin calls ‘its good-humoured comedy, its sunny heroine, its dream denouement'. The two main characters appear to be part of what Vivien Jones calls a typical ‘rags-to-riches love story', maintaining happiness after a series of vicissitudes, which might incline readers to think it rather superficial. The critic talks about the surface trivia of Austen's society, which seems to comprise only of balls, scarlet coats and Muslin gowns, but she probes beneath the surface of her society, and concerns herself with the real confinement of the lives of women in her period. Jane Austen explores how women were victims of a patriarchal society, by presenting the unfairness of the entail. She presents Mr. Collins as a fool, by bluntly stating through the critical objective narrative that he ‘was not a sensible man'. By this we see that it is ridiculous that such an imbecile should be able to turn out the two rational sisters Jane and Elizabeth from their own home, since should they not be married they could be facing the same options as Jane Fairfax in Austen's ‘Emma', left to ‘the governess trade', with it's sinister echo of ‘the slave trade'. Also, and perhaps more importantly, she explores not only how women were victims in society, but through Wickham how they were powerless, direct victims of men. The unsettling story of him and Georgiana Darcy shows women as quite powerless, as he exploited her innocence and memory, because ‘her affectionate heart retained a strong impression of his kindness to her as a child'. Her guardians would have been her only protection at Ramsgate, and even they could not be trusted, as the scheme was ‘undoubtably by design' of Mrs. Younge, its evil epitomized by the calculation of the scheme to force Georgiana into the lifelong trap of marriage. Georgiana was only fifteen, and the story line of the serial philanderer Mr. Wickham exposes a very dark and therefore much deeper side to the novel, as he moves next onto Miss King with her i10,000 fortune, then finally onto 16 year old Lydia whom he also sets out to ruin. Much unlike the typical villain of a ‘surface' comedy Wickham learns no lesson, after Georgiana's distress seeming not have developed any moral scruple as he continues to prey on young girls leaving A. G. Sulloway to conc lude ‘Wickham is not capable of moral learning'. As he sets out to ruin Lydia, much echoing Austen's Frederick Tilney of ‘Northanger Abbey' with his treatment of Isabella Thorpe, he puts her whole family's reputation in danger. Had he succeeded their fates would certainly have looked bleak, which relates ‘Pride and Prejudice' to David Diaches' observation that Austen's ‘novel's are usually described as social comedies, but the fact is that some come close to tragedy†¦ ‘, and in fact, though it did end with the best case scenario for Lydia, she was left to spend her life trapped in a loveless marriage, as ‘his affection for her soon sunk into indifference'. Mr Collins proves there are much more to even the comic characters than their surface politeness. His language in his letter revealed him to be pompous, clearly vein and a snob as he boasts of his connection to Lady Catherine, proudly declaring ‘it shall be my earnest endeavour to demean myself with grateful respect towards her ladyship', and his platitudes of wishing ‘to heal the breach', offer ‘an olive branch' and establish the blessing of peace in all families' reveal his vanity. His roe as a comical figure come through as Austen treats him with scathing irony, especially when exposing his sycophancy as the first thing he is reported of saying in the novel is that ‘he had heard much of their [the Bennet sisters'] beauty, but †¦ ame had fallen short of the truth'. Austen tells us ‘this gallantry was not much to the taste of some of his readers', highlighting his obsequiency with the objective narrative. However, his proposal to Elizabeth reveals something much crueler and darker beneath this facade. He knows of the importance of money ‘ in a narrow, desperate, feminine world of financial constraint' (Robert Polhemous), he and plays on this by explaining that he would not ask for any money from Mr Bennet, reminding her ‘I am well aware that it could not be complied with'. In the same way Charlotte finds herself in a position of little choice, and because of her little fortune she finds herself forced to marry the fool, as ‘it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune'. Jane Austen points out the cruelty of this situation with a scathing tone of criticism of her society, using abstract evaluative language to emphasise her point that ‘however uncertain of giving happiness, [marriage] must be their pleasantest preservative from want'. Once more Collins ceases an opportunity to exploit financial dependency, and Robert Polhemus states that ‘Charlotte's cast must concern anyone who thinks seriously about the history of women', summarising her situation as ‘a kind of socially respectable prostitution'. Mr Bennet's jokes against his wife highlight him also as a comic figure, as from the beginning of the novel we learn that he frequently teases her with amused contempt, as he asks ‘What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation? of her distress, knowing perfectly well what is troubling her. There is a dry whit in his characteristically sarcastic tone, and his weapon against her is irony, which on the surface amuses the reader, but there seems something more to him. Later Elizabeth reflects on this, and imbedded within the objective narrative, in the free indirect style offers a careful analysis of Mr Bennet's faults, using abstract nouns to emphasise the rationality of her disapproval of his â₠¬Ëœcontinual breach of conjugal obligation and decorum'. The narrator suggests that where he exposes his wife to ridicule, he should have at least ‘preserved the respectability of his daughters, even if incapable of enlarging the mind of his wife'. Here Austen points to the importance of education, and her serious tone points to the importance of morals in her novel, demonstrated by parents who set no example for their children, leading A. G. Sulloway to go so far as to call them ‘parents who are morally irresponsible towards daughters'. Mrs. Bennet can also make us laugh with her illogical, trivial mind, which Austen reveals to us with her characteristically ironic coloured narrative, as ‘she was more alive to the disgrace, which the want of new clothes must reflect on her daughter's nuptials, than to any sense of shame at her eloping and living with Wickham, a fortnight before they took place'. This also misleads her daughters, as there can be no surprise Lydia ends up, as Robert Polhemus observed ‘a shallow materialist', but her character is worth more to the novel than just a silly woman or bad parent, in fact she also illustrates more serious aspects of the novel, as the situation with the entail leave her struggling to get five daughters married as soon as possible. We almost feel pathos for her with this stress, as immediately we are told ‘the business of her life was to get her daughters married', with the use of the word ‘business' underlining it's necessity. Jane Austen does not only concern herself with marriages which entrap poor or plain girls, but also explores how an individual can receive personal fulfillment. As our protagonist, Vivien Jones sees that Elizabeth ‘believes †¦ n individual happiness as a legitimate goal' in marriage, and this leads her to refuse two proposals before obtaining enough evidence that it is right for her to settle with one man. Henry Tilney of Jane Austen's ‘Northanger Abbey' said ‘Man has the advantage of choice, women only the power of refusal', and exerting this power came completely unexpectedly to Mr. Collins, whom believed she did ‘secretly mean to accept', Mr Darcy, who we are told ‘had no doubt of a favourable answer'. Elizabeth insists in both cases this because of a lack of ‘desire', proving her search for a husband also one for rational happiness, an idea which Austen presents as the only way for Claire Tomalin's ‘dream denouement'. To gain happiness he also demonstrated a eveloement throughout the novel, as he was educated from pride and prejudice to his own rational happiness. This is demonstrated as he goes from seeing her family connections as a ‘degradation' to allowing Mr Gardiner, the Uncle in trade, to become ‘always on the most intimate terms' come the end of the novel. So, through development of morals and search that delves below surface trivialities our protagonists are allowed their happy ending, which is much in contrast to those characters with little choice of few morals. We see that through the use of her comic characters Austen actually demonstrates a much more sinister side to her society, and the constraint felt by women of the time is evidence that she is reporting on much more than just a ‘polite society'.

Derailed – Creative Writing

It had rained the night before, and mist was creeping in, like a soft blanket of cold steam. It was silent. The grim reaper was waiting silently for blood. Not even the birds dare tweet. The reaper lifts his hefty but swift scythe. Just as he is about to drop it†¦ â€Å"Don't you worry love, you're only dreaming again.† Margaret slides out of bed and plods off to fetch a glass of water for Daniel. She stared through the windowpane, and out of the four walls that she and Daniel call home. It was cold and wet, perfect weather for Ducks though. It had rained the night before, and mist was creeping in, like a soft blanket of cold steam. Maggie (as she likes to be called), twisted the cold steel, and a cold transparent liquid flowed out, making a racket as it hit the bottom of the sink. After filling her glass, she shut off the flow of water, and turned sharply around. Just as she did so, she nearly had the shock of her life. In front of her was a hairy ape, stamping towards her with half-closed eyes!! Maggie then put her arms around this beast, and told him to drink the glass of water and to get a bath. Maggie then turned on the TV and was pleased to see that her favourite quiz show was due on in about 15 minutes. Daniel smiled and turned to face the towering stairs. He started to climb the stairs. He reached the landing and for some unknown reason decided to turn around and stare out of the window. He stopped tipped his head to one side and thought about something for a second, said a brief de-ja-vous and carried on with his quest which was to have a bath. Daniel reached the bathroom and started to run a bath. After a brief shave, his bath was ready to dive in to. He dived in and while washing himself, (and doing other bathroom activities) he thought about the day ahead. First activitie of the day was to pack some clothes as he had train journey to deal with and then he would†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Oh, I am so sorry, how can I write a story without describing the main character, and his family to you first. Daniel is a 36-year-old entrepreneur , who, at the age of twenty-two, decided to start his own business , making computer components. He had a bad turn at the age of twenty-six and nearly went bankrupt due to a downfall in the price of shares in the computer components. Now he is doing fine (nearly a millionaire) and him and his wife are very happy and content. He is 5ft 6in and has a distinctive chubby look about him. Daniel has a warm chubby face and sparkling hazel-brown eyes. Handsome for a 36 year old, the females might say. Mggi4e was Daniels sectary until 10 years ago, when they got engaged. Unfortunately, however, she fell on a slippery supermarket floor and nearly broke her neck. She can walk but excessive movement could severely injure her. Maggie is just over 5ft 4in and quite thin. She used to have a wide stature and used to be slightly overweight. She lost this weight due to a strict diet and living regime. Her blonde curly locks hang over her shoulders and are complemented by her warm blue eyes. Anyway, continuing on with what the day held for him:- After his morning shift, Daniel was to call a workers meeting, to outline his plans and to hand out raises, awards ect. Daniel then had the rest of the day off so that he could sleep to prepare to travel down to London to visit his old mate Joe. He would travel by train, which it cheep an if on time quicker than car. It cost a tidy forty pounds and would take 3 hours (from Durham). Not bad and especially for Dan as he would travel by first class. This meant that could enjoy his journey and have drinks, food etc as well. Monday morning (12th May) A shrill ringing woke Dan a 6am. He was staying for two days and started packing accordingly. He didn't take much as he only needed clothes and deodorant to take with him. He had a few get-well cards from friends, by these didn't way much and weren't at all bulky. He then had his break fast and wash etc. Daniel kissed Margaret good by, opened the front door and his garage. A gentle breeze came out of nowhere and I take away card fluttered past and landed at the front of Daniel's short drive. He dawdled over and picked it up. He looked at it and saw nothing unusual other than a line saying 21:00 no 1365. Dan though nothing of it, only a bit of scrap paper, and got in his car. As he turned the ignition key and placed his luggage in the passenger seat, he felt a weird buttelfy feeling in his stomach. This was odd. Since dan had not exercised properly, he didn't have any problems. A thought raced across the vast screen of his mind. It might be a stomach ulcer. His had a history of them, but Daniel had been lucky for the past sixteen years. The thought diminished and he reversed his car and carried on. It was only a twenty-minute journey and it passed away quickly and with no problems. The car pulled up at the car park and slowly screeched to a halt. Daniel slid out, paid his two pay and display charge and jumped back in his car. He then practiced the difficult not so accent art of parking and slowly got out. The station was normal. The hustle and bustle of every day lime. Many of the passengers are businessmen and women probably going to work. Dan glanced at his watch, which said 8:30 am. There was time for a coffee. Just as he turned around to head for the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, a high-pitched squeal dived out of the speakers and into the maze that was Dan's ears. The squealing halted and the tannoy sounded. â€Å"Could all passengers for the train number 1365 Durham to London please listen. The train will not be here at 21:00 as scheduled but will be delayed for about 15 minutes. These delays are due uncontrollable circumstances. Thank you†. Daniel sighed, as this was his train. All of a sudden, his spine tingled and he sensed a feeling of de-ja-vous. He had 2100 no 1365 on a piece of paper. He could not remember when or where but he knew he had seen it. Dan turned back towards the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and walked towards it. Unusually, he felt he was being watched. He strained his neck to glance over his shoulder when a small hand touched his shoulder. Dan jumped and turned sharply around. â€Å"How are you Dan†. It was Joann; Daniel's secretary from work. Dan replied with a mumbled, â€Å"I'm alright â€Å". Joanne sensed that something was wrong, but thought it best not to ask what. She walked on and faded into the crowd. Dan turned towards the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and strolled along towards it with his small luggage, slung over his shoulder. He finally reached his destination and opened the door. Swinging his bag from his shoulder, he sat down. His arse landed on the soft, warm seat (probably warmed by some clean dude who farted constantly) and Dan started to relax. He had hardly been there for a few seconds when an attractive young waiter approached Daniel. She was about 5ft tall and had long locks of curly hair Dangling from her head and down onto her peninsular-like shoulders. She was thin but obviously liked working out, as I could tell from the clear lines on her long arms. Her hands were small and boney, but were terribly scared. The waiter spoke with a small but kind voice. â€Å"Would you like anything sir†, she squeaked. After a few seconds of deliberation, Daniel replied, â€Å"A black coffee please love†. Rachel (it said on her nametag) then chirped â€Å"Be with you in a minute sir†, and then scarpered off to prepare a coffee for Daniel. Just as she said, she returned in less than two minutes with a black coffee, hot and steaming, in a large mug. Daniel sprinkled two sachets of sugar into his mug, and then sipped. He looked around the area where he sat, and sniffed the polluted air. The cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was small, with the tables in rows of four. The tables had four chairs each and bottles of sauce and condiment sets sat proudly in the middle on top of a tablecloth. The cloth was opulent and excreted a clean, lemon fresh odour that made you think of spring. The cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was quite eventful and obviously made a good, if not excellent turnover. Daniel finished his coffee and dawdled up to the till to pay. He paid and on his way out, placed a tip of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 in the hand of the waiter. â€Å"Thanks love. Here, have this as a token of my appreciation for good service.† The waiter thanked Daniel and he continued on. All of a sudden the tannoy sounded, following that same annoying squeal. â€Å"Would all passengers for the no 1365 train please make their way to platform four. We are terribly sorry for the delay. Thank you.† Daniel grabbed his bags, and jogged straight up to platform four. To everyone's bewilderment four police officers, accompanied by four dogs and an armed swat team were standing by the train, carefully looking at everyone suspiciously. The officers and dogs then started to weave in and between passengers, as though they were sniffing for drugs and other illegal objects. The dog came up to Daniel, sniffed his bags and then barked viciously at Daniel. Two officers immediately sprinted over and searched ferociously through his bags. Sure enough, there were drugs in Daniels bag, but they were legal and prescribed by Dan's doctor. The police officers apologised, helped Daniel to fill his bag, and the toddled over to their positions. The next obstruction was a portable metal detector. Everyone was strolling through it, speculating at what caused this annoying chaos. Dan strolled through it, just as everyone had, and then boarded the train. He got on the train, and stared down the aisle. He glimpsed the door to the first class lounge, and wandered down towards it. The first class lounge was spacious and well ventilated. The buffet counter was in the next carriage to the first class and smelt of common aromas such as pie and chips. The carriage had a slight stench of chip fat and an eerie glimmer of flickering light shed out of the broken bar light. Stepping back into the first class lounge, he looked at his ticket and observed the seat number 321. Daniel walked down the first class lounge, selected his seat and sat on it. He was tired and immediately fell asleep, never to wake again. The train was derailed and no one knows why. The press speculate about why the train was derailed and why there were armed guards at the station. The police won't let on either.

Essay about change Essay

Period 5 Change can be a journey for everyone because the world is constantly changing and we have to adapt to these changes. Sometimes change can be a good thing, like getting a promotion at work. Sometimes change is disappointing or sad, such as a close family member dying. Either way, change is something that happens to everybody all the time. I think that in this era more things are changing more rapidly. This generation has to adapt to many changes in culture and our society. Because things change so rapidly, sometimes you need a chance to slow down and live in the moment. In this essay, I will explore how change is a journey that everyone takes. The first word in the Change category is â€Å"forward.† I think the word can inspire people to change their lives for the better. When you think about the word â€Å"forward†, you picture aptitude and change for a better world. Moving forward in life is about being passionate in what you do. People who don’t have a passion for anything lead boring lives. To move forward you also have to have lots of positive experiences. Being positive is always good for you because if you are negative you can’t have the outlook on life that positive people have. I think the word â€Å"forward† can apply to me because I try to stay positive and passionate in life. The next word that I can apply to my life is â€Å"excitement.† Everyone loves to be excited, because it’s the opposite of being bored, and your brain does not like to be bored. I think that excitement can fuel the brain to do things it would not be capable of in boredom. A lot of life is about being excited. Excitement relates to change because to make any major changes in life you have to be excited, or positive, about what you do. I think the word relates to my life because I am not usually bored. I try to stay emotionally active at all times. The final word I will discuss is â€Å"possibility.† Possibilities in life only come to those who can adapt to changes in the world. People who can find  niches in life and make a profit from them know how to adapt and make possibilities for themselves. Change and possibilities are similar because when things change new possibilities always arise from them. People can apply the word possibility to their lives because possibility is vital to your success as a person. To conclude, nearly everything in life revolves around constant change. A modern example is the stock market, where nothing is really permanent. Another example is death, a natural process of change. Changes also happen within people. As a person grows up and matures, his or her personality changes greatly. â€Å"There is nothing permanent in life except change,† said the philosopher Heraclitus. Some call change or variety â€Å"the spice of life.† Change is the very nature of being. Every new day is different from the previous day. Tides come and go. Sometimes a whole river changes its course. Changes that take place in nature we have little or no control over. However, changes in our personal lives can be manipulated to some extent, and if you’re careful, it can turn out well for you. Change is just a fact of life, and in order to be successful, you must learn to adapt to changes.

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy Essay

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy option to help to solve the uk's current economic problems - Essay Example Following the 2008, financial crisis qualitative easing became an element of recovery to the central banks that their interest rates were close to zero lower bound or at zero (Benford, Berry, Nikolov, & Young, 2009). With the intensification of the crisis, most international central banks took possible measures in supporting demand and loosening monetary policies. The bank of England through its monetary policy committee (MPC) dealt with it by cutting interest rates by up to three percentage points in bank rate. In early 2009, the bank further reduced it by one and half percent. MPC in their analysis explained that the cut could not meet the consumer price index of two percent hence need to purchase private and public assets using the central bank money. This led to the introduction of qualitative easing in the United Kingdom economy. The idea behind this was to inject liquid money back into the economy to help boost nominal spending and achieve the two percent inflation target. Disc ussion To avert the financial crisis, the bank of England purchased a large amount of United Kingdom governments bonds (gilts). By January 2010, the bank had purchased medium and long-dated gilts worth 200 billion of assets, and this represented fourteen percent of annual GDP and 30 percent of private sector outstanding gilts. In so doing, and by a combination of support measures the bank balance sheet increased in relation to the GDP threefold before the crisis. To implement this technique further, the government gave authority to the bank to purchase corporate bonds and high quality paper. The government did so in order to improve market functioning by acting as a backstop buyer and seller (Hamilton, 2010). The asset purchasing is one of the unconventional policy measures applied in the bank to loosen the monetary policy. The bank aim of assets purchasing was to cut the bank rates and hence stimulating nominal spending with the aim of meeting the two percent inflation target. This initiative also alleviated inflation that had been domestically generated. Assets purchases affected inflation and spending through different potential channels. First, it increased money holdings and pushed up the assets prices while stimulating the expenditure by increasing wealth and lowering borrowing costs. It also stimulated impact by broadening expectations and its influence on bank lending rates. Effects of assets purchasing The purchasing of assets led to Policy signaling effects, which included the expectations by market participants of policy rates to remain low for longer. At the time of expectations, policy makers were dealing with the issue of falling inflation below the expected medium target. The falling of inflation could have led to push up on real interest rates while reducing spending and keeping of nominal rates at low levels (Hancock, & Passmore, 2011). The assets purchase assisted in keeping inflation expectations on target through supporting of spending. The signaling effect anchored inflation expectations on track hence the hiding the real state of the economy to the agents on their views. The other effect of assets purchasing in stabilizing the economy was through portfolio balance effects, which entailed pushing up prices of other assets and the bought assets. This happened in the sense that after the bank buying assets, there is an increase in money

Oracle database Recovery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oracle database Recovery - Research Paper Example The mounting technique helps a database to read files without opening them. The Oracle tries to initialize each and every control files available in the initORACLE_SID.ora  file, if the files are replicated. The any control file is broken the mounting techniques fails. In order to configure a database, first we need to run svrmgrl, and secondly connect it to the database and finally enter (Preston, 1999): startup mount. â€Å"$  svrmgrl SVRMGR >  connect internal; Connected. SVRMGR >  startup mount; Statement processed† If the above procedure accomplished then the output must seems to be like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"SVRMGR >  startup mount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 5130648 bytes Fixed Size 44924 bytes Variable Size 4151836 bytes Database Buffers 409600 bytes Redo Buffers 524288 bytes Database mounted† The mounting of the database if turn successful then step 10 must be performed. On the contrary, if the mounting process fails than the output seems like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"SVRMGR >  startup mount; Total System Global Area 5130648 bytes Fixed Size 44924 bytes Variable Size 4151836 bytes Database Buffer to s 409600 bytes Redo Buffers 524288 bytes ORACLE instance started. ... Moreover, these files can easily be recreated if required. The core element regarding data and information portrays impact on more than one control files that are missing. This is due to the fact that Oracle abandons the mounting files that come across failure. Hence, the files are missing if the mounting procedure fails. Therefore, before taking any action, first we need to determine the seriousness of the problem. This can be done by researching on the situation. Initial research includes the names of the missing control files by doing configORACLE_SID.ora  file subsequently to the word  control files. It looks somewhat like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"control_files = (/db/Oracle/a/oradata/crash/control01.ctl, /db/Oracle/b/oradata/crash/control02.ctl, /db/Oracle/c/oradata/crash/control03.ctl)† (Rajan, 2006 ) The control file name that is criticized by Oracle should be found. This can be found by searching for this phrase control file that is maintained in the alert logs. Moreover, the alert log can be found in particular location such as ‘background_dump_dest’ and ‘configinstance.ora’ file. In general, it is present in the file named as ORACLE_BASE/ORACLE_SID/admin/bdump’directory. A file named as ‘alert_ORACLE_SID.log’ must be present in directory. The error looks like this (Preston, 1999): alter database mount exclusive ORA-00202: controlfile: '/db/a/oradata/crash/control01.ctl' ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status SVR4 Error: 2: No such file or directory† The name of all the control files along with crashed file names, it is relatively easier to analyze the complexity of the issue. This can be achieved by listing control files with their comparison with the size and time of any change and

NHS omputer System Failures Affecting Patient Care Assignment

NHS omputer System Failures Affecting Patient Care - Assignment Example Computers have assisted man ever since their inception. This assignment describes the infusion of Information Technology in the field of health and medicine that has led to the rebirth of the said field. Technological advancements that have affected the field of health were described in the assignment and have affected the human society as a whole directly and have mostly proved to be beneficial rather than hazardous. The researcher focuses on analysis of the NHS OR NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE that is an organization that was established in UK. The core idea behind the establishment of National Health Services-NHS was to provide high quality of healthcare to all the patients. This was specially intended keeping in mind that no patient should be made to suffer because of his financial stature. Thus apart from very few procedures the NHS unanimously provides medical services to all its patients that are UK residents. Since its inception, there was always one issue or the other that inhibit ed the successful growth of the system, such as the delaying of computerized scheduled patient operations, subscription of timely and accurate medicines, failing to detect and ensure treatment of cancer patients within two weeks and those of emergent nature within four hours. The researcher analyzed and investigated problems, that were mentioned above and provided his own opinion on success of the National Health Services organization as well as some gave some recommendations and solutions found to solve the problems.

Democracy and Religion in Developing Countries Essay

Democracy and Religion in Developing Countries - Essay Example In the Muslim world, particularly developing countries issues concerning political democracy are raised with special force because of the strength of the Islamic resurgence and the intensity of the demands in recent years which demand better political processes. Before examining the application of democracy in Islamic countries, there is a need to analyze the significance of Islam in politics. Islamic politics according to modern Islamic movements and what history tells us is a combination of religion and politics for the reason that medieval Islamic civilization of the Umayyads and the Abbasids followed non-state structures based on the grounds of religious faith and action (Esposito & Voll: 4). This indicates that the true implication of democracy in the Muslim era was followed by the belief that the most pious person among the society was supposed to be selected by civilians as well as by his followers. The current political culture of liberal secular societies never concern about God and never weighs God's approval or disapproval of their policies or behaviour. For this reason one can see that even religious political struggles and negotiations differ a lot when compared to those of the past. This clearly indicates that today's liberal democratic governments pursue people's happiness to the exclusion of God's approval (Sadri & Sadri: 122). Democratic Political Systems The concept of democracy followed in Islamic countries encompasses Islamic activist movements that challenge government while supporting others. What usually happens in this era is that in the political interests of Islamic revivalist groups, revolutionary opposition takes place which leads them either to ruling governments, or such movements may participate in the ruling political system as opposition movements. Many times it is seen that such religious movements are based as they are crucial part of the government or are themselves the ruling force in the political system. Such a perspective of democracy is based on a broad spectrum that gives us an overview of different situations within which Islamic democratization exists. Therefore such situations are: (1) revolutionary democracy to the ruling political government (2) legal or cooperating democracy that works within the boundaries of political system (3) active participation as a democratic government alliance which works wit h other political forces and (4) the system that controls and leads the existing political system. The above situations as practiced by most of the Islamic countries shapes the nature of emerging democratic ideals in the Islamic world as well as the developing and influenced new political orders in Islam. Democracy in the Middle East As far as Islamic law and order is concerned, it is severely implemented in the region except for the positive peace in the Middle East. Countries like Iraq, Iran and Israel are pervaded with armed conflicts in various types and forms like regional conflicts, resource wars, separatist and nationalist conflicts and irredentist conflicts. However some countries are influenced by other ethnic, religious and tribal struggles to the extent where their democratic power is heavily influenced under revolutionary and fundamentalist struggles. The peoples and governments throughout the Middle East are thus confronting pro-democracy anti-colonial struggles. Middle Eastern democratic trend follows violent conflicts and does not fulfil the criteria of positive peace in the region which is the utmost ground for building a democratic

Acer case about real strategic decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acer case about real strategic decisions - Essay Example The company ensured that they occupy space just as they needed. They guaranteed quick turnover by making sure their products are priced with low profits and evaded tying up their income with debt. The company wanted to evade redundant costs and able to take full advantage of their capital. Thus, their operations department ensured that cash collected are directly reinvested into the production. Shih gave importance to employee education and development by promoting that their employees should learn, train and develop and the managers are responsible in teaching their subordinates. Shih also encourage his employees to participate in the process of decision making. He believed that his employees will help him improve the company. The company ensured that their employees exert their best effort by offering them ownership. Lastly, Acer’s sales were increased without investing an enormous amount of capital through joint projects. With this, the company does not have to be anxious about losing its capital. As soon as the company decided to venture abroad, Shah opened in small markets to study and gain international experience first. 2. After a strong decade, why did Acer’s growth and profitability tumble in the late 1980s? How appropriate was Stan Shin’s response to the decline? How do you evaluate Leonard Liu’s performance? The major reasons why Acer’s profitability declined in the late 1980s are overexpansion and the deficiency of professional management. Many of the new employees applied to gain Acer’s ownership without considering and understanding the culture of the company. Because of this, these new employees had difficult time managing the company. Aside from these reasons, the competitive dynamics in the market of personal computers is one of the external factors that helped pull down the company’s profitability. In response to the decline, Shin decided to step down as CEO and hired

This is an essay on MSc International Finance Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is an on MSc International Finance - Essay Example If these two concepts are to be mingled, then it may end up as the wrong medicine for a disease and lead to misjudgment and misallocation of resources. IMS does not promise any corrective measure addressed towards the increasing global imbalance. For the past few years the strength of the dollar is declining against the floating currencies of Europe (more specifically against euro and pound) and that of the Anglo Saxon world. However this will lead to the leveling of the current account deficit of USA. It also ensures that US fiscal deficit has to be adjusted immediately resulting in a wide leap in tax rate and finally a 25 percent revaluation of US $. The Europeans are in need for structural reform to liberalize the sclerotic European labor markets. However, neither US nor the European nations are adopting any corrective measures, making the current order as unsustainable. If this continues, the central bank of the Asian countries refuses to accumulate more dollars then in no time it will lead to a global recession. A viable IMS has to mend this type of disaster.

Simple Recipe Of Making Macaroni And Cheese Essay

Simple Recipe Of Making Macaroni And Cheese - Essay Example The only thing you should be aware of is that before making any dish you should always wash your hands and clean yourself so as not to contaminate the dish and make a healthy and fresh one. After this process of approximately 15 minutes, you will have a yummy, fresh and ready to eat a meal of macaroni and cheese. The first and foremost step is to boil the macaroni and for that, you will need to take a medium-sized pan and fill it with six cups of water. Make sure that the water does not flow out when the noodles are poured in the water. Place this pan over the stove and turn it to the highest temperature then wait for the water to boil. While waiting, use your time constructively and efficiently by gathering all the ingredients and utensils needed for this dish. This is done to make sure that they are on the counter, at hand ready to be used when needed. The ingredients include a 1/4th cup of milk, 1/4th cup of margarine, macaroni noodles from the box and cheese sauce mix which is also provided in the box. The utensils needed are a strainer for draining the macaroni after it is boiled. By this time, the water must have started boiling if large bubbles are constantly rising on the surface of the pan. The process of boiling the water will probably take around seven to ten minutes. Now put the d ry noodles from the box into this pan of boiling water and keep stirring the noodles so they do not stick to the bottom of the pan. Make sure to use a plastic spoon and not a metal one to avoid the risk of burning your hand. Don’t leave the stove unattended or else the macaroni might stick together or even become softened. You can even check the macaroni by tasting it and once it reaches the perfect texture and density, you can then drain it.

Program Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Program Capstone - Essay Example An adult care home is an actual home business that just happens to be closely regulated by the state in which it is located. A person cannot simply take a care-dependent individual into his or her house and then declare the house an adult care home. Only a license from the state will legally make a house an adult care home and a business license will make it a legitimate business. Before a license is considered the house as well as the owner/operator and any employees will be inspected by the state in which the house is located. The house may have to be remodeled to meet state requirements such as a private room for each client as well as the resident manager and the substitute caregiver. Every room in the house will have to have a smoke alarm that meets the Fire Marshall’s standards, and at least one fire extinguisher will have to be on every floor of the building (State of North Carolina, 2010). After the house is inspected the owner/operator and the employees will come unde r scrutiny. ... In some states, the type of license that is given depends on the training and experience of the owner/operator and the employees. A class I license is granted when the owner/operator and resident manager have completed and passed the basic training course and examination. An owner/operator will be granted a class II license when he/she and the resident manager have completed and passed the basic training course and provided proof of two years full-time experience in providing direct care to an elderly or physically disabled person. To get a class III license the owner/operator and employees must complete and pass the basic training course and provide proof of three years full-time experience providing direct care to the elderly or physically disabled persons who required full assistance with four or more activities of daily living (ADLs) (State of Oregon, 2010). There are no barriers to becoming an adult care home operator outside of the licensing process. If an individual can acquir e the funds and the license then he or she can operate an adult care home. Adult care home operators range from the wage earner who, for most of his or her adult life, has worked hard for someone else and now finally has a stake of his/her own, to the savvy business owner and college graduate. Such diversity of people makes for different managing styles and different choices of business entities. The owners who have one home usually operate his/her home personally as a sole proprietorship. Owners of more than one home usually incorporate and under that umbrella operate his/her homes. Usually it is the owners of more than one adult care home who hires  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Resident

Introduction into Tesco Essay Example for Free

Introduction into Tesco Essay Tescos main headquarters may be based in Hertfordshire but Tescos have hundreds of stores all around the United Kingdom. In the year of 1997 Tescos had 586 stores around the country and had an annual profit of i 760m. 2 years later Tescos had increased its amount of stores around the country to 639 with that move came a greater profit as it rose to i 919m. in 2001 Tescos profit rose once more and so did its stores its annual profit for the year was i 1,100m it store count was now up to 692. Tescos offers many types of stores including Tesco Metro, a put-of-town store, Tesco express, this store has a petrol station combined with a retail site, and most recently Tescos extra, this is a new concept and offers more verity to shopping, Tescos extra offers a wider range of products all this is available over 100,000 square feet of retail space. It sells many things including groceries, all types of foods, cloths and household electrical accessories; Tescos purpose is to provide top quality service through selling its products Newport has two stores, which can be found on Cardiff road and Newport Retail Park, spytty. Type of ownership The type of ownership my first company has is public limited company (PLC). This means that the company is of a large size and employs 1000s of employees, a likely reason behind this running of the company is that it offers the security of limited liability, due to the advantages of having shares on the stock exchange. Any one over the age of 18 can purchase shares on the stock exchange, these shares bring in greater capital to the business. The company is run and owned by its shareholders, the public. The shareholders are able to employ high quality managers and directors meaning the running of the company are of high standard If the company went bankrupt then the owners would not be liable for its debts, this is because the company is PLC, and therefor it is protected by limited liability. This means that the company has its own legal identity and its owners are not responsible for its debts, however they would lose the money that they put in at the beginning. Introduction: Tesco Company History Recant history Tesco is one of Britains leading food retailers and has 586 stores though out Great Britain. From 1992 Tesco has grown greatly and has increased its market share from 10. 4% to 15. 2%. This increse in customers has also given Tesco a large amount of profit. Tesco has 164,500 shareholders. Tescos profit is about 505 million pounds after the tax has been deducted; about 50%of this is then distributed to the shareholders as dividends. The rest roughly 250 million pounds is held back for investment in stores and improving services for the customers. The average shareholder holds between one and one thousand shares, but also banks, pension funds and building sercertys, hold a large amount of shares. Tescos share prices have risen since February 1997 when it was 349p to 586p on the 21st April 1998. The shares have peaked a high price of 603p. With this growth Tescos is now the largest super market chain. How Did Tesco actually start? Tesco was founded in 1924 by Sir Jack Cohen. He used his gratuity for his Army service in the World War to start selling groceries in Londons East End markets in 1919. The brand name Tesco first appeared on packets of tea in the 1920s. The name was based on the initials of T. E Stockwell, a partner in the firm of tea suppliers, and the first two letters of Cohen. The business grew and in 1947 Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd was floated on the stock exchange, with a share price of 25p. The price at the start of March 2001 the price raised to around 260p. When did the first Tesco self-service store open? Self-service supermarkets started in the USA in the 1930s during the depression. By selling a wider variety and larger volume of stock and employing fewer staff they cold offer lower prices to the public. Jack Cohen opened the first Tesco store in St Albans in 1948. When did Tesco open its first supermarket? In 1956 the first Tesco self-service supermarket was opened in a converted cinema in Maldon. By the early 1960s Tesco was a household name, as well as selling groceries, the stores sold fresh food, clothing and household goods. The Tesco store which opened in Leicester 1961 had 16,500 square feet of space and went into the Guinness Book of records as the largest store in Europe. By buying bulk and keeping costs down, Tesco should have been able to sell at very competitive prices to its customers. Until 1964 however suppliers were, by law, able to insist that retailers charged at a set price for their products (Retail Price Maintenance). The intention was to protect small shops against the lower prices that big retailers could offer their customers. How did Tesco deal with the law on Resale Price Maintenance? Tesco introduced trading stamps so that it could bring lower prices to customers. Customers collected stamps as they purchased their groceries and other items. When they had collected enough stamps to fill a book, they could exchange the book for cash or other gifts. Other retailers soon copied Tesco. Sir Jack was one of the leaders in pursuing parliament to abolish Resale Price Management in 1964. After this Tesco continued to offer trading stamps until 1977. How did the company grow in the 1960s? Apart from opening its new stores, Tesco bought existing chains of stores. In 1960it took over a chain of 212 stores in the north of England and added another 144 stores in 1964 and 1965. In 1968 the Victor Value chain became part of the company. When was the first superstore opened? Tesco introduced the concept of a superstore in 1967 when it opened a 90,000 square feet store in Westbury, Wiltshire. The term superstore was first actually used when Tesco opened its store in Crawley, West Sussex in 1968. How did Tesco change its image? By 1970 Tesco was a household name. The slogan Pile it high and sell it cheap was the title of Sir Jack Cohens autobiography. But as people were becoming better off, they were looking for more luxurious items as well as everyday household and food products. In the late 1970s the company decided to broaden its customer base and make its stores more attractive to a wider range of customers. Many of the older high street stores were closed and the company concentrated on developing bigger out-of-town superstores. Tesco finally stopped giving out trading stamps in 1977 at the same time as introducing a price cutting campaign under the banner Checkout at Tesco which proved to be a major success. How did Tesco maintain its growth in the 1980s? During the 1980s Tesco continued to build new superstores, opening its 100th in 1985. In 1987 it announced a i 500 million programme to build another 29 stores. By 1991, the popularity of Tesco Petrol filling stations at its superstores had made the company Britains biggest independent petrol retailer. In 1985 Tesco introduced its Healthy Eating initiative. Its own brand products carried nutritional advice and many were branded with the Healthy Eating symbol. By 1990 Tesco was a very different company from what it was 20 years before. The Tesco superstore offered customers free parking as well as cheap groceries and a pleasant shopping environment. In 1992, it opened the first Tesco Metro, a city centre store meeting the needs of workers, high street shoppers and the local community. This was followed by Tesco Express, combining a petrol filling station with a local convenience store to give local communities more choice in their shopping. Tesco broke new ground in food retailing by introducing, in 1995, the first customer loyalty card, which rewarded regular shoppers whilst helping the company discover more about its customers needs.

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay Logistics is a procedure to optimize all activities to ensure the delivery of cargo through a transport chain from one end to the other. The comparative efficiency of a countrys trade logistics chain is of vital importance in enhancing competitiveness of its industry and commerce. In this regard, international differences in trade logistics efficiency determine in large extent the efficiency and sustainability of the economies. In developed countries such as the U.S. and Japan, logistics costs are about 10 per cent of GDP. For some less developed economies, these costs exceed 30 per cent. Moreover, these differences among countries appear to be widening. According to the European Logistics Association, the logistics costs in relation to annual turnover can amount to more than 30 per cent in the food industry, 27 per cent in the metal industry, 23 per cent in the chemical industry, 15 per cent in the automotive sector. The percentages may differ from country to country and industry by industry, but many of the critical cost factors are influenced by public policy. The logistics chain consists of activities that facilitate the movement of goods from supply to demand. As many such activities require the use of ports, port authorities have taken a particular interest in the various port activities involved in logistics. Logistics costs are not limited to costs consumed in carrying out logistics activities. Rather, they should be understood as all costs input into a given logistics system for the provision of logistics service. According to the US Department of Transportation, logistics is defined to be the method that service groups position themselves to perform activities such as transportation, warehousing, inventories, information processing and customer relations. Advanced logistics is the term used when the firms make use of technologies and permits to reduce costs by substituting large inventories, multiple warehouses and customer service outlets with transportation, e-commerce and just-in-time deliveries. To reap the benefits of advanced logistics, firms have restructured themselves in relation to transporting of goods from one point to another and improving infrastructure. During the 1970s typical logistics functions focused on traditional physical distribution activities, including the movement and storage of finished goods between the producer and consumer. Those specific functions were identified in the 1985 A.T. Kearney study of logistics organizations as outbound transportation, logistics administration, intracompany transportation, logistics control, finished goods field warehousing, and logistics systems planning. These activities were eventually determined to be quite narrow in terms of meeting customer needs. Therefore, they provided the foundation for broader interpretation of logistics, which led to inclusion of various activities like the processing of orders and development of customer relations, finished goods plant warehousing, finished goods inventory management, and inbound transportation. The third phase in this evolutionary process was identified to include logistics engineering, production planning, sourcing or purchasing, raw mater ials or work-in-process inventory management, sales forecasting, and international logistics. This evolutionary process moves logistics from its traditional physical responsibility to an integrative value added role in the business. As logistics becomes more important in an organization, it encompasses more functional areas within a single responsibility center to provide more coordination and more highly integrate the logistics channel. Because of the evolution of the logistics operations, its responsibility travels further back through the supply chain to the raw material source. When logistics operations is linked with manufacturing operations, it can be seen that the aspects of manufacturing activities with logistics operations activities address the common underlying foundations that contribute to the value of the products and services offered to customers. According to a study conducted by Frost Sullivan in 2009, about logistics operations in ASEAN countries, it was found that Singapore accounts for the lowest percentage of logistics as a part of total sales at 8 percent while Indonesia has the highest at 19 percent. According to this 2009 study, Malaysia and Thailand accounts for 17 and 12 percent, respectively. It has been noted that the high logistics costs may be attributed to inefficiency in operations. The inefficiency may be linked to the lack of trained man power and inadequate support to facilities and infrastructure, which has led to the slow flow of cargo and distribution of goods. Based from this study it can be deducted that an efficient operation is due to the presence of trained professionals, high quality and an array of logistics services offered and an excellent infrastructure and communications or information system. As of present date, studies have shown that transportation is the largest contributing factor to the cost acquired by most companies. Currently, the primary reason of most consumers for engaging in a third party logistics provider or what is known to be a trucking service is to enhance the efficiency of logistics operations through professional intervention. Engaging in a trucking service also has its cost advantages and thereby acts as a cost saving move for most companies. An arrangement with a logistics company also provides the consumer the ability to focus on other concerns such as their own competency and reliability. It is no surprise therefore that the main criterion evaluated by most companies engaging in this service is the cost savings factor. There is only Malaysia that evaluates the services offered and the condition of the equipments when choosing their logistics service provider. Meanwhile, it has also been found out that across ASEAN countries, technology is the least considered factor. On the other hand, it can be noted that the most efficient country in logistics operations, Singapore, is heavily focused in the communications area. This countrys most influential consideration factor is the network coverage employed by the logistics service provider since Singaporean companies are main players in the international market. Technology wise, there are sixty percent of consumers adopting technology are heavily rely on warehouse management and the bar coding system. On the other hand, transportation planning system and vehicle tracking system are yet to be embraced by more than sixty percent of the end-users. The use of the smart labeling system or RFID for public vehicles is still low. The adoption and usage for RFID or smart labeling system are still low mainly because of the high cost of implementation and the less mature technologies across South East Asia. Among all the activities in logistics operations, transportation is the most utilized activity accounting for more than seventy percent of end users outsourcing such logistics activities to service providers. Freight forwarding comes to a close second to transportation followed by inbound warehousing accounting for more than fifty percent. On the other hand, processes like the packing and labeling of goods and management of fleet are the value added services that are most utilized. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Value Added Services (VAS), which is loosely defined as a collection of specific requirements mandated by customers involving additional processing of a product or an order beyond the simple picking of the product for an order, is an especially common practice in the retail supply chain and is estimated to consume +10% (and growing) of total labor hours. According to Logistics Managements 2nd Annual Warehouse Operations Survey, 80% of respondents are dealing with some form of VAS in their DCs. This was confirmed during in-depth interviews conducted by Distribution Digest for our report on Automated Case Picking (ACP). Value added services are offered by the logistics companies in order for customers to benefit from their full use and application. This may include anything from routine maintenance and customer technical support; to customization and application training; to real-time inventory management and state-of-the-art channel support. It refers to the process of developing rela tionships with customers through the provision of an augmented offer, which may encompass many aspects of value-added activities. Value added services are aimed at ensuring that special requirements of customers are met and that product is received as ordered. These services are integrated with logistics operations through a global network of agents and coordinated at either point of origin or final delivery location. These services may include: complete shipping documentation from start to finish; cooperation with convention/trade show coordinator; pickup and delivery of time definitive freight; unpacking and setup assistance including the removal of packing materials; repackaging of materials at end of trade show; pickup and return; logistics consulting; performance reporting and distribution services. Through out the years, an evolution to the terminologies relating to the consumer has been witnessed in the logistics industry. Logistics initially gave birth to the concept of customer relations which represents the combined output of the various processes in logistics. Eventually, end products of marketing and logistics activities were connected to customer relations to create customer satisfaction. Most recently, the concept of customer success has been introduced to link the service provided by the firm not only with the satisfaction of the customer, but with the success that the customer realizes in attaining its organizational objectives. Since, transportation, warehousing and freight forwarding are activities that are most likely to continue in the next 2-3 years, there is an increasing trend for consumers to look for companies that can supply value added services. The value added service employed by the logistics companies are created through the eyes of the logistics executi ve. It is critical that the strategies and tactics used influence the perception that the customer has of the organization and has the potential of transaction creation during the short term as well as the long term. Therefore, the logistics executives perception of value is directly linked to the firms ability to satisfy the customer. This can result in customer satisfaction, which can ultimately lead to a positive attitude by the customer towards the service provider. The value of the logistics service provided is measured by an assessment of the logistics executives perception of how customers perceive the service provided by the firm and how they react, or respond to this service. This measure, called customer reaction, include the level of perceived satisfaction with the existing service levels, whether customers are inclined to reduce or increase their business with the firm if the service levels change relative to their expectations, and whether customers can recognize change s in the service levels provided by the firm. These days, the commercial success of a logistics operation could stem from a productivity advantage in traditional cargo-handling service, from value-added service, or from a combination of the two. Productivity advantages come mainly from economies of scale and economies of scope, suggesting that the most productive ports will be those that are equipped to handle large cargo volumes and significantly reduce unit costs through efficient management. Shippers and carriers select individual ports not only based on their cargo handling service capabilities, but also on the benefits they are capable of delivering. Unless a port can deliver benefits that are superior to those provided by its competitors in a functional aspect, customers are likely to select logistics providers based merely on price. This fact raises the question of how to one logistics company can stand out from the rest of the companies that are in the market or what is known to be value differentiation. In the 1970s, almost every logistics company provided the same basic package of services to almost every customer. Nowadays, however, it is more difficult for service providers to compete on the basis of cargo-handling service. There has been a convergence of technology within cargo-handling service categories. This means that though new technology may sometimes provide a window of opportunity for productivity improvement, in many cases that same technology is also available to competitors. It is no longer possible to compete effectively on the basis of basic, traditional functions. Thus, there is a need for logistics service providers to seek out new means of gaining a competitive edge. The late 1980s saw the emergence of major changes. Consumers began to ask service providers to provide a greater variety of services. Providing value-added services is a powerful way for logistics companies to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Shippers and customers are becoming increasingly demanding. Customers now tend to look at value-added logistics services as an integral part of their supply chain. As a result, service providers must attempt to satisfy these needs by offering differentiated services. This poses a particular challenge for logistics operators in the industry. Studies show that the most successful logistics service providers are those that not only have a productivity advantage in cargo-handling services, but that also offer value-added services because operators who do not provide additional services are indistinguishable to their competitors. Although there have been researches that have found that there continues to be a need for operators to provide the basic, traditional cargo-handling function and that there continue to be many customers for such services, it is clear that, in the future of the logistics operations industry, there will be fewer ports that prosper only in this area. Rather, we will see the dominance of superior service leaders that possess both a productivity advantage and a value-added service advantage. Logistics companies that provide value-added services are on their way to becoming the more superior logistics company. The advanced ports around the world have continuously emphasized the function of logistics centres mainly due to the high degree of global production and the need for value added services. These trends in international logistics strongly suggest that the trend toward value added services is likely to continue into the future. Currently, the logistics discipline continues to revolutionize itself with the adaptation of various e-business practices and forms of just in time delivery. The nature of these adjustments may result to more single package deliveries requiring additional transport services. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS Therefore, for logistic operations to have an edge, it is recommended that logistics companies incorporate valued added services to the array of services that they provide in a matter that is cost efficient. There is also a need for service providers to be able to offer services of high quality and as well as cost reducing solutions. Service providers must also take a closer look at the activities in operations and ensure that there are no repetitions of activities for maximum optimization. The elimination of redundant activities results in more efficiency and cost reductions. Providing trainings for inexperienced personnel is also vital in achieving maximum customer satisfaction in the future. The ultimate output of the quality effort by the logistics organization should be through the customers reaction in the market. This reaction is continually perceived by the logistics executive in the form of individual customer sales, business in specific traffic lanes, changes in facility in ventory levels, or changes in the volume of customer complaints to the customer service department. However, the simple truth is that when you are processing thousands of cases an hour and shipping dozens of trailers per day, there just isnt a lot of time for value added services, especially that which doesnt provide real benefit. In the end engaging in value added services is a business decision. A customer can be told that the service provider can do just about anything they want, but the customer must also know that its not free. Value added services make the services provided by the logistics service providers more expensive. The customer needs to gauge how important it is to its business. Sometimes retailers are surprised that their requests dont add any value. As an example, in a certain logistics company, one Vice President of Operations, described a situation where an existing customer ordered standard 12 packs last year, however this year all their orders were in 6 packs. The Operations VP went back to the customer explaining that when youre handling 80,000 cases verses 40 ,000 there is a big difference in handling and processing cost. That particular customer understood the logistics cost impact for the DC, as well as for them, and immediately changed their Purchase Order back to 12 packs. Still, for some companies the consequences of value added services have been more frequent shipments and in smaller quantities, forcing many of them into piece-pick operations where they had previously been a full case-based pick. Or, at the very least, having to open full cases to apply tickets and other paperwork and then manually applying a special shipping label.    If it is determined that the cost absorption for a specified value added service is too great, the logistics company has the option to try and work out a deal with the customer to obtain waivers, or in some extreme situations refuse to comply. On the other hand, a major component of an efficient supply chain is getting everything done on the first touch. Therefore, it can be logically argued that in many cases moving value added services upstream to the manufacturing level is moving it in the right direction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢

Fracture Resistance of Esthetic Post and Core Systems

Fracture Resistance of Esthetic Post and Core Systems Comparison of fracture resistance of three recent esthetic post and core systems with cast metal post and core to compressive loading An in vitro Study ABSTRACT: Aim: To determine and compare the fracture resistance of three recently introduced esthetic post and core systems with a cast metal post and core to compressive loading using a clinically related test method. Materials and Methods: Forty maxillary central incisors were selected, sectioned and their roots endodontically treated and assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=10).The cast metal post and core (CMPC) served as control group.The other groups are zirconium dioxide post and ceramic core group (ZCER), zirconium dioxide posts and composite core group (ZCOM) and glass fiber post and composite core group (GFCOM).The post spaces were prepared, posts were seated and cores were formed. A compressive load was applied to the inclined surface on each specimen until failure occurred and measured in newtons. Results: CMPC and ZCER groups exhibited the highest resistance fracture and the values are : 680.6 N and 630.03 N respectively . ZCOM group exhibited fracture resistance greater than GFCOM but less than ZCER and CMPC. Conclusion: CMPC group and ZCER group were found to be more fracture resistant than the ZCOM group and GFCOM group. Aside from its desirable esthetic properties,the ZCER group demonstrated high resistance to fracture. Keywords: compressive loading, endodontic treatment, fracture resistance, post and core INTRODUCTION Endodontic therapy has provided dentistry the ability to retain teeth that just a few decades ago would have been extracted without hesitation.When there is substantial loss of coronal tooth structure due to caries, trauma or both, a post and core is often required to retain a definitive restoration. A post is usually placed in an attempt to strengthen the tooth.1,2,3 However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that a post cannot reinforce endodontically treated teeth.4,5,6 Posts are required for supporting a core foundation when there is insufficient clinical crown remaining.4,5,6,7 Although cast post and core foundations are the gold standard for endodontically treated teeth, due to their superior physical properties and proven clinical effectiveness8 yet its mechanical properties may increase the risk of root fracture9. The esthetic properties of these materials are limited since the gray colored post is apparent when used to support translucent all ceramic restorations. Coupled with a high lip line, cast metal post and core foundation may create esthetic problems. In the recent times, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of all ceramic crowns, particularly for anterior teeth because of their superior natural appearance compared to metal ceramic restorations.10 Both the declining acceptance of cast post and core restorations as well as patients interest in dental esthetics has resulted in the development of esthetic posts, especially Glass Fiber and Zirconia Ceramics.These increase the transmission of light within the root and overlying gingival tissues, enhancing the esthetics. They also eliminate the potential hazards of corrosion and allergic hypersensitivity as they are metal free materials.11 Glass fibers such as silica or quartz reinforced epoxy resin posts have low modulus of elasticity similar to that of dentin.12 This property has been reported to reduce the risk of root fracture. 13,14 Glass fiber reinforced posts also have the advantage of easy removal if endodontic re-treatment is required. 15,16 A prefabricated zirconia ceramic post system has been introduced to satisfy esthetic needs presented by endodontically treated anterior teeth. The translucency of all ceramic crowns can be successfully maintained with the use of ceramic post and core materials. Moreover improvements in adhesive porcelain bonding systems have accelerated the trend toward the use of ceramic core materials. Many dentists prefer to use prefabricated post systems because they are more practical, less expensive and in some situations less invasive than customized post and core systems. They also save time and can provide satisfactory results. 17,18,19 The purpose of this in vitro study is to determine and compare fracture resistance of three esthetic post and core systems, Zirconia post and Ceramic core, Zirconia post and Composite core and Glass Fiber post and Composite core with cast posts under compressive loading. METHODOLOGY Forty extracted human permanent central incisors were selected based on similar dimensions,caries free,no restorations and cracks.The teeth were soaked in 3% sodium hypochlorite (Vishal Dentocare PVT LTD), for 6 hours. These forty teeth were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Cast Metal post and core (CMPC) Group 2: Zirconia posts and Ceramic core (ZCER) Group 3: Zirconia posts and Composite core (ZCOM) Group 4: Glass Fiber posts and Composite core (GFCOM) The coronal aspect of each tooth was resected perpendicular to the long axis and 1mm incisal to the cementoenamel junction, with a diamond coated disc (Horico) mounted in a straight handpiece (NSK, Japan). Labiolingual and mesiodistal measurements of the sectioned tooth surfaces were made with a digital vernier calipers (Aero space, China).The roots were endodontically instrumented to the apex using protaper rotary instruments (Dentsply,Maillefer) till F3 and obturated with protaper GP points (Dentsply,Maillefer) using ZOE sealer. Procedure for fabricating standardized cores: To obtain standardized cores, a wax pattern was fabricated from casting wax (Sk Dental waxes, Bombay) which had 6.5mm diameter base, 7.3 mm diameter cervico incisally and 6.2mm buccolingually. Impression of the wax pattern was taken with rubber base impression material (Exaflex). Then dies were made from the impression material. Polyvinyl material was vacuum pressed on these dies.In this way a hollow matrix was fabricated which had the same dimensions as that of the wax pattern. The base of the matrix was fitted flush to the sectioned tooth surfaces. Then 1 mm of the matrix was cut at the open end so that it acted as an inlet for the placement of composite resin. Procedure for preparation of forty samples: For all the groups the post spaces were enlarged with peeso reamers no 2 and 3 (MANI CE 0197 Prime Dental Products PVT LTD) initially to a depth of 9mm. The final enlargements were accomplished with the 1.4 mm diameter drills that were specifically given with 1.4mm zirconia posts (Cosmoposts,Ivoclar Vivadent) and 1.4mm GF posts (Bioloren,Ammdent). All the posts have 1.4mm diameter and were sectioned to a standard length of 13mm using carbide fissure bur and high speed airotor handpiece The length of the posts was 4 mm from the finish line into the core.In groups 2, 3 and 4 all the post spaces were etched using 37% orthorphosphoric acid (3M ESPE), for 30 sec and bonding was done using a bonding agent (3M ESPE) polymerized for 20 sec. Cementation was done using dual curing resin luting agent ( Kerr,Orange,CA). Group 1: A direct technique was used. The post pattern was fabricated using inlay wax. For the core part ,the polyvinyl matrix was placed on the tooth, resin wax (Leva) was injected in to the matrix and polymerized. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded core. Then the entire pattern was retrieved from the root, invested and cast. The cast post and core systems were then cemented into the roots using GIC. Group 2: Posts were seated into the prepared post space.Polyvinyl matrix was placed on the tooth surface, resin wax was then injected in to the matrix and polymerized for 20 sec to form the core. Matrix was then removed and retrieved post and core foundations from the roots were invested with a phosphate bonded investment (Deguvest). Wax was eliminated from the invested units in a pre heated furnace (Unident) (800ËÅ ¡C for 45 minutes). Cores around zirconia posts were prepared using ceramic ingots (e-max, Ivoclar vivadent) heat-pressing process (975ËÅ ¡C for 45 min.) in a heat pressing furnace (Ivoclar vivadent). The formed ZCER foundations were then cemented into the post spaces. Group 3: After etching and bonding,posts were cemented in to the prepared post spaces. The matrix was seated on the sectioned tooth surface and composite core material (Z350, 3M ESPE) was placed in 2mm increments and polymerized for 20 sec. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded cores. Group 4: Following etching and bonding posts were cemented into the prepared post spaces. The matrix was placed on the sectioned tooth surface and composite was placed in 2mm increments and was then polymerized for 20 sec. After polymerization, the matrix was removed from the molded cores. LOADING PROCEDURE: Following thermal cycling (5000 cycles between 5ËÅ ¡C and 55ËÅ ¡ C with a dwell time of 30 second) a universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Japan) was used to apply a constant compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min, at a 130Â º angle to the long axes of the test specimens, until failure ocurred. The tip of the loading bar was positioned to contact the centre of the palatoincisal surface at an angle of 90Â ºC. The force at failure was measured in newtons. RESULTS One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Post HocTukey test was used to compare the score between the groups. A 95% confidence level was used for the ANOVA test. Results showed that there was significant difference in the fracture resistance values obtained with different groups (p

Explication of John Donnes The Flea :: John Donne Flea Essays

Explication of John Donne's The Flea John Donne's, "The Flea," is a persuasive poem in which the speaker is attempting to establish a sexual union with his significant other. However, based on the woman's rejection, the speaker twists his argument, making that which he requests seem insignificant. John Donne brings out and shapes this meaning through his collaborative use of conceit, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. In the beginning, Donne uses the flea as a conceit, to represent a sexual union with his significant other. For instance, in the first stanza a flea bites the speaker and woman. He responds to this incident by saying, "And in this flea our bloods mingled be." He is suggesting that they are united in this flea and ,thus, would equally be united in intimacy. In addition, he states, "This flea is you and I, and this our marriage bed, and marriage temple is." The speaker is suggesting that through the flea the two are married. Again, the flea represents marriage, union, and consummation through intimacy. However, the woman crushes the flea, thus, refusing his request, and states that neither she nor he is weakened by its death. Based on her reaction, the speaker states, "Tis true...Just so much honor, when they yield'st to me, Will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee." In other words, he twists his argument to make the point that the woman will lose as much giving herself to him as she lost killing the flea - NOTHING! Secondly, Donne's use of rhythm aids in shaping the poem's meaning. The poem has alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and pentameter. However, Donne varies this rhythm to create emphasis on particular words or phrases. For instance, in the first stanza he states, "Mark but this flea, and mark in this." Instead of beginning with an unstressed word or syllable as in iambic, Donne stresses the word "Mark." This is important in accentuating his argument.

Alan Patons Cry the Beloved Country Essay -- Alan Paton Cry Beloved C

Alan Paton's Cry the Beloved Country The book I have chosen to write about is Cry the Beloved Country. This book is about ambiguity and reconciliation. The main character in the story Stephan Kumalo has to deal his the struggle of his family, and trying to keep them together. The first few chapters of this book are place in a small town called Ndotshenti. But the action in this takes place in the largest city on South Africa, Johannesburg. Stephan Kumalo finds out there can be day light even when nothing in you life is going right. The area of Ndoshenti is known as the â€Å"Velds†, which in Zulu means the green grassland. The rural country is what describes Ndotshenti best; on the other side of the town lies the European part of Ndotshenti. This is Ndoshenti where blacks are not allowed to go. Primarily because apartheid, which means total separation between blacks and whites. Stephan Kumalo is the minister in the small town. Stephan Kumalo helps those in need of help. Also find out very early, he is in need of help too. His son Absalom decides to leave home, because he does not like his father’s new wife. He goes with his friends Johannesburg to work the gold mines. However his son is not the only person causing stress on Stephan Kumalo, because with in a few days of his son leaving, he receives a letter pertaining to his sister. She very sick, but the man writing the letter says not physically, but mentally. At this point Kumalo is befu...

A Dream?

The soft soil squeezed through the holes in my boots as I stood upon the sorrowful shore. The day was wild the clouds dark and heavy, taunted me with the threat of rain. The trees blew from side to side like flags waving in the breeze. The ocean not to far from where I stood, was beating upon the shore with military precision bearing deep into my soul. The forest stretched away from me, as far as I could see taunting me to enter into its hidden safety†¦ away from it all†¦ away†¦ from what I had done. My mind now centering painfully on the memories that sent me running to this droned hollow place, realizing what I had done†¦ the true horror of it, turned my mind psychotic while jumbled and baffled thoughts overloaded my memory†¦ it was plain even to me, I just didn't want to believe it†¦ but it was real, it was true. I stood there contemplating what I had done, thinking of everything that would happen to me†¦ everything I lost the moment I did it, It made me sick, it made my heart skip beats, I collapsed onto the mud at the edge of the forest. I almost fainted right there†¦ I looked into the dark tangle of forest knowing what I had to do. The forest taunted me yet more†¦ seeming to watch me†¦ stare at me, almost waiting for me to enter so it could devour me†¦ destroy me. In the distance I could see a small dim light tear through the black velvet night inside the forest. I watched as it grew nearer†¦ swaying from side to side, my heart beat faster and faster my thought becoming more rampant and wild. The light almost upon me now, knowing I should run†¦ but I couldn't†¦ I simply couldn't†¦ I froze, I could not move nor breath. My legs throbbed with pain, my feet bursted with soars, my mind was to wild to let me move. Suddenly the light came upon me, there stood a heavy, sturdy, strong looking man. His presence sent a chill of awe through my spine. I could not make out a face, he wore a thick overcoat, his body was motionless†¦ not a twitch†¦ nothing, he held a simple flashlight in his hand and nothing in the other. Some questions arose in my mind to what he was doing here†¦ unarmed, almost seeming completely unprepared except for his flashlight. Suddenly realizing just how much I should run I sprang to my feet and shot into the forest as if it was my only way to live, I stumbled through the branches and twigs while they tore away at my clothes and face, the clouds without any warning burst out in rain, I was soaked in an instant yet still found the strength to run on. I ran for what felt like an eternity, I turned to look if the man was behind me†¦ there was nothing†¦ not a glint of light†¦ nothing, just the sound of the rain beating down on the trees, hanging spindly on the leaves before dropping to the ground. I stared, wondering if the man had even attempted to chase after me†¦ after all, if he did he wouldn't have given up like that†¦ he would have at least stopped and looked for me with his flashlight†¦ but there was nothing. I laid there on the ground for a few moments to catch my breath, and turned to run again, as I stood to start running there he was†¦ the very same man†¦ with the very same light, in the very same clothes†¦ I felt a sharp pain of terror like a bullet ripping through my bones, I stood in silence for what seemed hours. The man raised his arm, flashlight in hand up to his face†¦ I screamed I almost fainted there but something inside me urged me to stay up. I could not believe who it was that stood before me†¦ I felt my blood freeze. I woke†¦ in my bed, with a cold sweat, I was tired, my legs ached. It was raining outside, the ocean waves still beat upon the shore with their same drone tune, I was sweating and out of breath. Was it real?†¦ or just a dream?

Children and parents Essay

A new age man is a man that a man that believes in equality and shares all household chores with is partner exactly and contributes equally as much as the women. This is different from a house husband because this is a man who has had a complete role reversal and takes on the traditional role of a house wife and stays at home full time. We cannot generalise about role relationships across society because changes in role relationships have not occurred at the same pace or to the same extent through all sectors of society. Role relationships vary according to social class and ethnicity. Home based entertainment, for example DIY give spouses’ things in common which gives them a friendlier and more loving relationship. Contraception has allowed couples to have children later and also it means that a lot of couples choose to have smaller families or no children at all. This does not apply to some religions such as Catholics who do not believe in using contraception. Women can now plan when to start their families and to have children resulting in them planning them around their careers. Feminism is an approach that fights for the equal rights of women. This is a large factor in the changing equality in the home because more women demand to be treat as their partner’s equal. It has lead to the rejection of the housewife role. There is an increase in male unemployment more men have become more involved in domestic tasks. Jane Wheelock (1990) conducted research into this topic and found that men undertook a lot more housework and childcare while unemployed. One survey showed that mothers that also worked outside home had it worse because they still spend more hours on housework a week then they do at their paid place of work. On average these women spend 62 hours a week on house hold tasks were fathers who also worked only spent 23 hours on house work. Another survey shows that some traditional gender role are still being passed down to the younger generations( 1992-93) such as girls still taking more of a part in cooking, cleaning and child care but boys are doing more things for themselves like cleaning their own rooms, making beds and washing their own clothes. Sometimes sociologists say that social class and ethnicity change role relationships. It is suggested that working class families are more male dominated (patriarchal). Evidence proves that middle class conjugal relationships are more equal than working class ones but it is also said that working class fathers are more involved in childcare. It is believed that Asian families are usually based on unfair patriarchal relationships. Westwood and Bhachu (1988) challenge this idea arguing that images of the Asian family are usually based on prejudice and prejudgement. They point out that Asian families are in fact British families and are a strong source of resistance against the racism of British society. In reality there are ethnic differences between Asian people in Britain according to religion and social class, which makes it hard to generalise about the Asian family. Henriques and Slaugher talk about the patriarchal relationships between men and women. This means that the relationship is male dominated. They talk about the two different segregated roles. Relationships between children and parents have changed over time but it has always varied between working, middle and upper class families. Throughout the nineteenth century life chances varied a lot for different classes for children. A paid employee such as a nanny would often look after higher-class children. This would often separate their children from their parents and so it would be harder for them to develop a strong bond. Working class children on the other hand, especially boys would often have to start work very young. There was a wider range of jobs for boys were available but girls would often have to work in cotton factories. The hours would be long and the pay and conditions would often be unfair. Poverty prevented parents sending their children to school and sometimes they would only send their boys but keep the girls at home to teach them how to be a good housewife. Mothers would often have a close relationship with her daughter. People used to have children so they could send them out to work to earn money for the family. Sometimes parents thought that education just blocked this. Another reason why people used to have children was so they had someone to take care of them in old age. Factors that changed these relationships included the growth of the welfare state, which meant people no longer needed children to look after them in old age. Parents could no longer send children out to work at such a young age because of protective legislation, this meant that law including factory and mine acts stopped it. There was a growth of the meaning of childhood and they remained children for longer because of the state of education in 1870 meant you had to attend school. Children were given more attention by parents, media and toys invented a new childhood and children and parents spent more time together. Today the relationship is usually warmer and more caring than in the past. Children are seen as more important and taken a lot more seriously. There have been changing attitudes towards discipline and laws against hitting children in Scotland. It is now seen as wrong to hurt a child, if they do organisations (social services) get involved. There is more of an emphasis on freedom and children’s rights. Relationships are more children centred and because family sizes are smaller children get more attention. In 1976 a law was passed to say that the minimum age of leaving school was 16 and though a child can work before then the hours and law restricts times. This means that children are financially dependent on their families for long periods of time especially if they go on to further education. Children are fully dependent on their parents and this can sometimes bring stress and tension to the family. Not all relationships between child and parents have improved as sadly cruelty to children is still widespread and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) estimate that around 600 children are intentionally harmed by their parents each year.

Children Act 1989 Essay

Task 1 links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1.1. Produce an information sheet which outlines the following:  · the current legislation for home based childcare †¢ the role of regulatory bodies. The two most important pieces of legislation covering home-based childcare are the Children Act (2004) and the Childcare Act (2006(. Children Act (2004) This influential piece of legislation which arose from ‘Every Child Matters’ and identifies five outcomes for all children: * Be healthy * Stay safe * Enjoy and achieve * Make a positive contribution * Achieve economic well-being These outcomes should underpin all practice of a childminder. Childcare Act (2006) This Act introduced the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum into England and Wales, and place a statutory duty on the local authority to work towards ensuring the five outcomes set out in the Children Act (2004) are being met. Other relevant legislation of importance is: Equality Act (2010) The intention of this Act is to combine the fragmented discrimination legislation, bringing together the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Race Relations Act (1976), and DDA (1995). Promotion of equal opportunities in all settings is essential, and relevant policies and procedures should be developed, monitored and assessed. Education Act (1997) This Act incorporates all previous Acts since 1944. It recognise the rights of parents regarding their children’s education and set a time frame on the legal process for identifying and assessing a child’s needs as set out in the Code of Practice. Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984), RIDDOR (1995) and Health Protection Agency Act (2004) All these legislations are focused on protecting people’s health, covering notification and exclusion periods for certain infectious diseases and reporting of certain accidents and incidents. OFSTED is the regulating body for England & Wales. Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. They report directly to Parliament and are independent and impartial. They inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Their aim is to promote improvement and value for money in the childcare services they inspect and regulate, so that all children and young people, parents and carers, adult learners and employers benefit. OFSTEDs job is to check places where children and young peopleare looked after the people who look after children and young people schools and colleges adult learning and training how teachers are trained

Facilitate the Counselling Process Assessment Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. Name two signs you would look for to let you know Vara is ready to end counselling. Two signs I would look for to let me know that Vara is ready to end counselling are, firstly, if Vara is sounding a lot more confident and she looks a lot happier, then she probably is. Secondly, if Vara started to run out of issues to raise and discuss in counselling. I would be able to recognise that Vara is ready to end counselling. 2. Briefly describe how you would support Vara’s sense of autonomy. I would support Vara’s sense of autonomy by, acknowledging and helping her to recognise, her achievements since beginning with counselling. I would summarise these achievements for Vara. Vara has spoken to her husband Alec, and made him aware of her feelings. This is something she found quite difficult to do in the past. Since Vara communicated her feelings of ‘being fed up and wanting to end the marriage’, Vara and Alec have decided to trial a three month separation. In speaking up for herself she has generated real change in her life. Both Vara and her husband Alec, are looking into the possibility of seeing a marriage counsellor. In seeking this kind of counselling she is showing strength of character, she is looking for solutions and not just running away from her problems. She has the friendship and support of Julie and is trying to increase her work hours as a translator. I would acknowledge that it was Vara that made these changes in her life, not me. This will empower Vara with the confidence to know that she is a strong and capable women who can stand up for herself. 3. Briefly describe how you would inform her about opportunities for further support. I would inform Vara about opportunities for further support, by communicating to her that although our counselling sessions will be coming to an end, she is always able to reconnect with me, if she feels the need. Vara has indicated that she and her husband are interested in pursuing marriage counselling. I could provide Vara with some contacts for marriage counselling in her local area. Or, if she felt more comfortable, I could arrange a referral for her to a marriage counsellor that I think would be a good match for her. 4. Briefly describe three key steps to assist the process of ending the counselling process with this client. I would start this process a few sessions before the final counselling appointment. Firstly, I would encourage Vara to express any concerns she may have in regards to managing on her own without the support of the counselling relationship. I would be encouraging Vara to express her feelings about ending the counselling relationship. This will give Vara an opportunity to reflect and prepare for ending the counselling sessions. I would set the final appointment sometime in the future, so that Vara can have time to adjust to the thought of managing on her own. Secondly, I would plan with Vara to have a longer interval between our appointments, so that Vara can try out coping with her issues on her own. This will enable Vara to discuss any lingering issues that may need some attention before ending the counselling relationship. Lastly I would summarise for Vara the progress she has made, and acknowledge all the accomplishments she has made. She is now a stronger more capable women, who can stand up for herself and take care of herself. I would make sure that Vara knows that I have an open door policy, and that if she ever felt the need to reconnect with me, I would be happy to see her again. 5. Give an example of what you might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure the underlying issues are managed. An example of what I might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure any underlying issues are managed is, ‘Vara can you describe for me some of the strategies you have been using to help bring about the changes you have made’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has implemented these changes, and will reinforce the fact that it was Vara who has facilitated these changes, not me. I would also say ‘what do you think could be some coping skills you could use if these issues start to come up again’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has coped with these issues in the past, and to list some coping strategies that work best for her and her situation. Again this will reinforce the fact that Vara is the one who is coping with her situation, not me. I would also say ‘can you tell me again, what some of your underlying issues have been’. This will help Vara identify what the core issues are, and will make it easier for her to recognise if these issues come up again, so that she is ready to deal with them. 6. Provide an example of one of your session client notes. Client session notes. Clients Name: Vara Clients Age: 56 Date of session: 20/11/14 Session # 8 Session Duration: 60 minutes Others present: Nil Status of session: Kept Location: Office Information given by client: Vara is a 56 year old Polish immigrant. Came to Australia 25 years ago. She has raised 3 children who have all left home. Feeling very unhappy and ‘trapped’ in her marriage. Husband is ‘traditional’ male, who controls finances and has a ferocious temper. She has been secretly working and saving money. She wants to live her own life, but fearful of how she will cope on her own. She still loves her husband Alec. Summary of client’s issues: Vara has spoken to Alec and they have agreed to a 3 month trial separation, they are looking into marriage counselling. I have offered her a list of marriage counsellors in her area and offered a referral if preferred. Vara will be living with her friend Julie during her separation, and will be seeking more work hours as a translator. Notes of counsellor: I feel that Vara has made enormous progress in counselling, and believe that at this point she would benefit from marriage counselling. I have agreed to see her again if she feels the need arises.